Table 3.

The current status of LLPS and the concepts for future study

Current status

The concepts and future directions

How it occurs: Multivalent interactions; Folded‐folded domains; IDR‐IDR domains; Folded‐IDR domains; Nucleic acids‐protein; Nucleic acids‐Nucleic acids.[ 14 , 37 , 38 , 43 , 44 ] How it is regulated: Local abundance of MLOs core components; Post‐translational modifications (PTMs); RNA and DNA modifications; Non‐equilibrium tuning by energy input; Physicochemical conditions (pH, salt ionic strength, temperature).[ 114 , 123 , 164 , 298 ] Biological functions: Reaction crucible; Sequestration; Organizational hub; Specific transport.[ 19 , 114 , 299 , 300 ]

The physicochemical properties of condensates and their connection to biological functions; The functional differences between LLPS‐formed assemblies and canonical protein complexes The all constituents in each type of condensate; Factors that contribute to the dynamic condensation and decondensation; The communication between different condensates; The internal structures of condensates in living cells, tissues, and even organisms.