| Microemulsions |
| (27) |
gasoline and kerosene |
detergent-free microemulsion (propan-1-ol + HNO3 + water) and surfactant
emulsion (Triton X-100 (in HNO3)) |
ETAAS |
2 μg L–1
|
| (10) |
naphtha,
gasoline, and petroleum condensate |
detergent-free microemulsion
(propan-1-ol + HNO3) |
GFAAS |
1.9 μg L–1
|
| (26) |
diesel and naphtha |
detergent-free microemulsion (propan-1-ol + HNO3) |
GFAAS |
diesel: 1.8 μg L–1
|
| |
|
|
|
naphtha: 1.5 μg L–1
|
| (40) |
naphtha |
surfactant emulsion (Triton X-100 (in HNO3)) |
ETAAS |
2.7 μg L–1
|
| (29) |
naphtha |
surfactant emulsion
(Triton X-100 (in water)) |
ICP–MS |
0.1 μg L–1
|
| Extraction, Mineralization,
and Digestion |
| (30) |
gasoline |
iodine/HNO3 mineralization |
ETAAS |
5.6 μg L–1
|
| (34) |
naphtha |
chemical extraction and HNO3/H2SO4/H2O2 digestion |
HG–AAS |
|
| (26) |
gasoline |
HNO3 extraction |
GFAAS |
1.2 μg L–1
|
| (32) |
oil |
extraction in solid surface |
DDP |
0.016 ppm |
| (31) |
diesel |
chemical mineralization |
GFAAS |
|
| (3) |
refined hydrocarbons,
residual fuel oil and crude oil |
HNO3/H2SO4 mineralization |
HG + analysis helium-DC plasma |
absolute
MDL 1.0–0.1 ng |
| (33) |
butter |
combustion in an oxygen bomb, extraction
in solid surface and
HCl digestion |
HG–AAS |
5 ppb |
| (16) |
crude oil
cargos |
HNO3/H2O2 digestion |
HG–AAS |
10 μg kg–1
|
| Dilution and Direct Injection |
|
|
|
|
| (13) |
gas condensate |
direct injection |
GC–ICP–MS |
absolute MDL 0.05 pg |
| (36) |
crude oil |
dilution in xylene |
ICP–MS |
0.04 μg kg–1
|
| |
|
|
FI–HG–ICPMS |
0.002 μg kg–1
|
| (38) |
crude oil |
direct injection |
GFAAS |
5.1 μg kg–1
|
| (15) |
condensate and naphtha |
dilution in xylene |
ICP–MS |
0.2 ng g–1
|
| (39) |
naphtha and condensate |
direct injection |
ETAAS |
naphtha: 0.56 μg L–1
|
| |
|
|
|
condensate: 1.33 μg L–1
|
