TABLE 2.

Injury values for dummies’ heads, necks, chests, and legs.

	Injury criteria	Injury threshold	Ordinary seat belt	Pre-tensioned force-limiting seat belt	Reduction (%)
Head	Skull von Mises stress (MPa)	10	31.8	23.6	25.8
	Intracranial pressure (kPa)	235	277.8	198.7	28.5
	Intracranial von Mises stress (kPa)	15–20	19.1	14.6	23.6
	HIC	700	834.6	521.3	37.5
Neck	$N_{ij}$	1	1.24	0.87	29.8
	Cortical bone stress (MPa)	236	159.8	123.4	22.8
	Cancellous bone stress (MPa)	59	16.3	11.7	28.2
Chest	$C_{3ms}$ (g)	60	103.4	92.4	10.6
	$C_{comp}$ (mm)	50	45.3	37.8	16.6
	Rib strain	3%	43.4%	32.4%	25.3
	Lung strain	30%	29.2%	22.5%	22.9
Leg	$F_L$ (KN)	10	15.5	13.2	14.8
	$F_R$ (KN)	10	12.1	10.5	13.2
	Femur strain	3%	6.1%	4.9%	19.7
	Tibia strain	3%	9.7%	8.3%	14.4
WIC		1	1.212	0.881	27.3