Table 3.
Summary of trials evaluating KD effects vs comparative diet in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
| Reference | Sample description | Duration | Intervention | Ketone test (concentration in KD group) | Beneficial effects | Side effects of the KD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hussain TA 2012 (81) | n=363 with T2D= 102 Age= 37.2±0.4 yr BMI= 37.3±0.3 kg/m2 HbA1c= 7.9±0.1 % | 12 months | VLCKD vs low-calorie diet | No measure |
↓ HbA1c ↓Triglycerides ↓Total chol. ↓ LDL chol. ↑ HDL chol. |
No adverse events reported |
| Goday A 2016 (82) | N=89 Age=54.5±8.4 yr BMI=33.1±1.6 kg/m2 HbA1c=6.9±1.1 %2 |
4 months | Very low-calorie ketogenic diet vs low-calorie diet | Blood β-OHB(1.15±0.96mM) |
↓Triglycerides ↓HbA1c ↓HOMA-IR ↓body weight ↓Waist circumference |
↑ asthenia ↑ headache ↑ nausea ↑ vomiting ↑ constipation ↑ orthostatic hypotension |
| Saslow LR 2017 (83) | N=34 BMI=35.9±3.3 kg/m2 | 12 months | VLCKDvsMCCR | Blood β-OHB(values between 0.5-3.0mM) |
↓HbA1c ↓body weight ↓Diabetes medications |
No adverse events reported |
| Myette-Côté E 2018 (84) | N=16 Age=64±8 yr BMI=34±8 kg/m2 HbA1c=7±1 % |
4 days | VLCKD vs low-fat low-glycemic index | No measure |
↔ weight loss ↓ Mean glucose ↓ Fasting glucose |
No adverse events reported |
BMI, body mass index; T2D, type 2 diabetes; β-OHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; VLCKD, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; MCCR, moderate-carbohydrate calorie-restricted.
↓, decrease; ↑, increase; ↔ no changes.