Table 1.
Patient number | Family number | Ethnicity | Consanguinity | Mutation | Gender | LBW | Clinical manifestations | Biochemical profile | Reference | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early-onset HT | GR | Hx of FTT | Hx of polyu/polyd | Nephrocalcinosis | Other complications | Serum K+, mmol/L | PAC/PRA/PRC | MA | u THFs/THE | u F/E | Others | ||||||||
1 | 1 | Iranian | Y | R337C | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | hypertensive nephropathy | ↓ | PAC↓, PRA↑ | - | ↑ | - | - | [4, 8, 28] |
2 | 1 | Iranian | Y | R337C | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [4, 8, 28] |
3 | 1 | Iranian | Y | R337C | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [4, 8, 28] |
4 | 2 | Indian | Y | R337C | M | - | Y | - | - | - | Y | LVH, Hx of hypokalemic paralysis | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | - | albuminuria | [76] |
5 | 2 | Indian | Y | R337C | M | - | Y | - | - | - | Y | LVH, Hx of hypokalemic paralysis | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | - | - | [76] |
6 | 3 | Native North American | - | R208C | M | - | Y | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [5] |
7 | 4 | Omani | N | R208C | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | facial palsy | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28, 78] |
8 | 4 | Omani | N | R208C | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | facial palsy | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28, 78] |
9 | 5 | Saudi Arabian | Y | R208C | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | mild LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | ↑ | hypercalciuria | [79] |
10 | 5 | Saudi Arabian | Y | R208C | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | ↑ | hypercalciuria | [79] |
11 | 5 | Saudi Arabian | Y | R208C | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | ↑ | hypercalciuria | [79] |
12 | 6 | - | Y | R208H | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | LVH, hypertensive retinopathy | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [80] |
13 | 7 | Native South American/Caucasian | - | R213C | F | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | retinal vasoconstriction | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [5, 81] |
14 | 7 | Native South American/Caucasian | - | R213C | F | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [5, 81] |
15 | 8 | Algerian | Y | R213C | M | N | Y | - | - | Y | Y | moderate LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | hypercalciuria | [39] |
16 | 9 | French | N | R213C | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | renal failure | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [39] |
17 | 10 | Chilean | Y | R213C | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | LVH | N | ↓ | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | [35] |
18 | 11 | Native North American/Caucasian | - | L250P, L251S | F | - | Y | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [5] |
19 | 12 | Native North American | - | L250P, L251S | M | - | Y | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [5] |
20 | 13 | Native North American/Caucasian | - | L250P, L251S | M | - | Y | - | - | Y | - | pyloric stenosis | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [5, 81] |
21 | 14 | Native American (Chippewa) | Y | L250P, L251S | M | - | Y | Y | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [78] |
22 | 15 | East Indian | N | R337_Y338delinsH | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | LVH, hypertensive reto | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [5, 82, 83] |
23 | 16 | Iranian | N | R337_Y338delinsH | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | N | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [28, 78] |
24 | 17 | Northern Indian | N | R337_Y338delinsH | M | - | Y | N | - | Y | N | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [78] |
25 | 18 | Northern Indian | N | R337_Y338delinsH | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28, 78] |
26 | 19 | Mexican/American | - | c.664 + 14 C > T | F | - | HT | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [5] |
27 | 20 | Irish/American | - |
Y232_T234del G305Afs*48 |
M | - | Y | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [5] |
28 | 21 | African American | N | R186C | F | Y | Y | N | - | - | Y | hypertensive retinopathy, LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | ↑ | - | [28, 78, 82] |
29 | 21 | African American | N | R186C | F | N | Y | N | - | - | Y | LVH, cerebral palsy, deafness | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | ↑ | - | [28, 78, 82] |
30 | 22 | Brazilian | Y | R186C | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | mild LVH | ↓ | N | Y | - | - | hypercalciuria | [84] |
31 | 23 | Native American | N | E356Vfs*40 | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | died of LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [2, 78] |
32 | 24 | Asian | Y | R374* | M | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | LVH, DI | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | ↑ | hypercalciuria | [20, 85] |
33 | 24 | Asian | Y | R374* | M | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | hypercalciuria | [20, 85] |
34 | 24 | Asian | Y | R374* | M | - | - | - | - | - | - | stillbirth at 28 weeks’ gestation | - | - | - | - | - | - | [20, 85] |
35 | 24 | Asian | Y | R374* | M | - | - | - | - | - | - | stillbirth at 28 weeks’ gestation | - | - | - | - | - | - | [20, 85] |
36 | 25 | Iranian | Y | R374* | M | - | Nor | - | Y | - | Y | - | ↓ | - | Y | - | - | - | [74] |
37 | 26 | North European | N | c.1218 + 10 C > T | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | - | dilated aorta descendens, arachnodactylia, scoliosis, lens subluxation, stroke (19 y), Marfan syndrome | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [86] |
38 | 26 | North European | N | c.1218 + 10 C > T | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | retinopathy, subluxation of the ocular lenses, LVH, hydronephrosis | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [86, 87] |
39 | 27 | Brazilian | Y | A328V | F | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | nocturia, retinopathy, LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [88, 89] |
40 | 28 | Portuguese | Y | A328V | M | N | Y | - | - | - | - | LVH, renal cortical atrophy | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [39] |
41 | 28 | Portuguese | Y | A328V | M | N | Y | Y | - | - | - | LVH | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | proteinuria, hypercalciuria | [39] |
42 | 29 | Japanese | N |
R208H R337_Y338delinsH |
M | N | Y | - | - | Y | - | retinopathy, LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [49, 90] |
43 | 30 | Italian/Moroccan | N |
L250R D244N |
M | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | LVH, I-grade hypertensive retinopathy | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | hypercalciuria | [8] |
44 | 31 | Turkish | N | L287Cfs*36 | M | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | congenital left ptosis | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | ↑ | - | [8, 28] |
45 | 32 | Italian | Y | R279C | F | - | HT | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [91] |
46 | 32 | Italian | Y | R279C | M | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [91] |
47 | 32 | Italian | Y | R279C | F | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [91] |
48 | 32 | Italian | Y | R279C | F | - | HT | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [91] |
49 | 33 | North American (Mennonite) | Y | P227L | F | N | Y | N | N | N | N | - | N | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [28, 32] |
50 | 34 | Japanese | - | S180F | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | - | DI, paralysis | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [7] |
51 | 35 | Caucasian/Australian | - |
L179R F246 + 1nt |
M | Y | Y | - | Y | - | Y | DI, LVH | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | [7] |
52 | 36 | Caucasian | - |
A237V A328V |
M | N | Y | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | [7] |
53 | 37 | Caucasian | N |
A237V A328V |
M | N | Y | - | - | Y | Y | mild LVH, renal cysts | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [33] |
54 | 38 | Mexican-American | - |
R208H c.664 + 14 C > T |
F | N | Y | - | Y | - | - | DI | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | [7] |
55 | 39 | - | Y | L114_E115del | F | - | Y | Y | - | - | Y | LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | ↑ | hypercalciuria | [55] |
56 | 39 | - | Y | L114_E115del | M | - | Y | Y | - | - | Y | LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | ↑ | hypercalciuria | [55] |
57 | 40 | Omani | Y | L114_E115del | M | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | cardiac arrest (3.5 y) | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
58 | 41 | Caucasian | - |
Y226N c.1393 C > T V254V |
M | - | HT | - | - | Y | Y | nocturia, cardiac arrest (21 y), III-grade retinopathy, renal cyst, LVH | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [38, 92] |
59 | 42 | Italian | N |
R359W c.664 + 1G > A |
F | - | Y | - | - | - | - | cerebral aneurysm | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | [38] |
60 | 43 | Caucasian | - |
Y232C L376P |
M | - | Y | - | - | - | - | type 1 diabetes, hypertensive renal damage | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [38] |
61 | 44 | Chilean | - |
D223N c.664 + 14 C > T |
M | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | serum ↑ | - | [40] |
62 | 45 | Kuwaiti | Y | A273V | F | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [44] |
63 | 45 | Kuwaiti | Y | A273V | F | N | Y | Y | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [44] |
64 | 46 | - | - | A273V | F | Y | Y | - | Y | - | - | DI | ↓ | - | Y | - | - | - | [93] |
65 | 47 | Omani | Y |
R74G P75Rfs*42 |
M | N | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | - | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
66 | 47 | Omani | Y |
R74G P75Rfs*42 |
M | Y | Y | - | - | - | - | mild LVH, congestive heart failre (0.5y) | ↓ | - | Y | - | - | - | [9] |
67 | 48 | Omani | - |
R74G P75Rfs*42 |
M | Y | Y | - | - | Y | N | mild LVH | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
68 | 49 | Omani | Y | A221V | M | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | N | mild LVH, respiratory failure (4.2 y) | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
69 | 49 | Omani | Y | A221V | F | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | N | - | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
70 | 49 | Omani | Y | A221V | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | N | - | N | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
71 | 49 | Omani | Y | A221V | F | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | N | - | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
72 | 50 | Omani | - | V321_V322insAPV | M | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | mild LVH | ↓ | - | Y | ↑ | - | - | [9] |
73 | 50 | Omani | - | V321_V322insAPV | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | - | mild LVH | ↓ | - | - | - | - | - | [9] |
74 | 51 | Pakistani | Y | Y299del | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | dilation of the aortic root, retinopathy | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [50] |
75 | 52 | French | N |
D144V F367del |
M | N | Y | Y | - | - | N | LVH, tetanic convulsions | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [39] |
76 | 53 | French | - | F185S | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | N | LVH | N | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [39] |
77 | 54 | - | - | F185S | F | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Coffin-Siris syndrome, dilatation in the aortic root | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [94] |
78 | 55 | Moroccan | Y | P381Pfs*22 | M | N | Y | N | - | - | Y | mild LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [39] |
79 | 56 | - | - |
Y338H S26* |
F | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | end-stage renal failure, subarachnoidal hemorrhage | ↓ | ↓ | - | Plasma ↑ | Plasma ↑ | - | [1, 52] |
80 | 57 | - | Y | D176N | M | N | Y | N | - | - | N | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [95] |
81 | 58 | - | Y | A221G | M | N | Y | N | - | - | N | mild LVH | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [25] |
82 | 58 | - | Y | A221G | M | N | Y | N | - | - | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↑ | - | - | [25] |
83 | 59 | Qatari | Y | G89D | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | LVH, cyst fibrosis | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [24] |
84 | 59 | Qatari | Y | G89D | M | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | distal ileal obstruction, LVH, cyst fibrosis | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [24] |
85 | 60 | Omani | Y | T267A | M | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | aortic root dilation | ↓ | ↓ | N | - | - | - | [56] |
86 | 60 | Omani | Y | T267A | F | N | Y | - | - | - | Y | aortic root dilation, LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [56] |
87 | 60 | Omani | Y | T267A | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | N | - | - | - | [56] |
88 | 60 | Omani | Y | T267A | F | N | Y | - | - | - | N | LVH, renal calculi, aortic root dilation | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [56] |
89 | 60 | Omani | Y | T267A | F | N | Y | - | - | - | Y | aortic root dilation, LVH | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [56] |
90 | 60 | Omani | Y | T267A | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [56] |
91 | 61 | Chinese | N | L363P | M | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | - | basal ganglion hemorrhage | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | ↑ | - | [54] |
92 | 62 | Syrian | Y | G296_I300del | M | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | cholelithiasis | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | ↑ | - | [96] |
93 | 62 | Syrian | Y | G296_I300del | F | Y | Y | N | - | - | - | borderline LVH | ↓ | - | Y | - | - | - | [96] |
94 | 63 | Pakistani | Y | E301Rfs*56 | F | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | mild LVH | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | hypercalciuria | [97] |
95 | 64 | Chinese | N |
E115_L116del F367del |
M | - | Y | - | - | - | Y | enlargement of the left atrium and ventricle, mild mitral regurgitation, renal cyst | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | proteinuria | [77] |
96 | 65 | - | F367I | F | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | renal medullary cysts, LVH | ↓ | - | N | - | - | - | [98] | |
97 | - | Omani | Y | E115_L116del | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
98 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
99 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
100 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
101 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [28] |
102 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
103 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | N | - | ↓ | ↓ | N | - | - | - | [28] |
104 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
105 | - | Omani | Y | R74Gfs*43 | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | N | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
106 | - | Omani | Y | A221V | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | PAC ↓, PRA ↑ | N | - | - | - | [28] |
107 | - | Omani | Y | A221V | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | N | - | - | - | [28] |
108 | - | Omani | Y | V321_V322insAPV | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
109 | - | Omani | Y | V321_V322insAPV | F | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | - | - | - | [28] |
110 | - | Omani | Y | V321_V322insAPV | M | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | ↓ | ↓ | Y | ↑ | - | - | [28] |
AME, apparent mineralocorticoid excess; Italic mutations mean compound heterozygous mutations; -, not available; Y, yes; N, normal; M, male; F, female; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; PRC, plasma renin concentration; PRA, plasma renin activity; MA, metabolic alkalosis; LBW, low birth weight (defined as less than 2.5 kg); early-onset hypertension is defined as an increasement in blood pressure aged 18 years or less; Hx of FTT, history of failure to thrive; Hx of polyu/polyd, history of polyuria/polydipsia; GR, growth retardation; DI, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; u THFs/THE, urinary (tetrahydrocortisol + 5α-tetrahydrocortisol)/ tetrahydrocortisone or urinary (tetrahydrocortisol + allo-tetrahydrocortisol)/ tetrahydrocortisone; u F/E, urinary cortisol to cortisone; the italics represent complex heterozygous mutations