Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes according to the remnant cholesterol quartiles
| Remnant cholesterol | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-value | |
| Number | 512,768 | 442,924 | 521,435 | 479,325 | |
| Age (years) | 56.92 ± 12.42 | 57.54 ± 12.06 | 56.83 ± 12.01 | 55.04 ± 12.01 | < 0.0001 |
| Male (%) | 283,065(55.2) | 250,503(56.56) | 311,079(59.66) | 315,285(65.78) | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.96 ± 4.5 | 24.87 ± 3.41 | 25.34 ± 3.37 | 25.73 ± 3.33 | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.1 ± 9.13 | 84.66 ± 8.76 | 86.01 ± 8.47 | 87.14 ± 8.38 | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.24 ± 15.62 | 128.27 ± 15.63 | 129.29 ± 15.64 | 130.33 ± 15.64 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.03 ± 10.03 | 78.5 ± 10.03 | 79.41 ± 10.12 | 80.52 ± 10.21 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 139.02 ± 42.73 | 141.92 ± 43.77 | 145.07 ± 45.38 | 150.62 ± 48.52 | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 181.64 ± 39.82 | 192.08 ± 41.46 | 199.79 ± 42.5 | 208.93 ± 45.25 | < 0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56.88 ± 14.59 | 53.16 ± 13 | 50.61 ± 12.37 | 48.07 ± 11.89 | < 0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 110.08 ± 37.07 | 115.98 ± 39.28 | 117.65 ± 40.41 | 113.86 ± 42.99 | < 0.0001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 124.75 ± 37.5 | 138.92 ± 39.38 | 149.19 ± 40.54 | 160.86 ± 43.44 | < 0.0001 |
| Remnant cholesterol (mg/dL) | 14.67 ± 3.34 | 22.94 ± 1.99 | 31.54 ± 3.13 | 47 ± 11.04 | < 0.0001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
71.81 (71.76–71.87) |
113.32 (113.28-113.36) |
155.53 (155.47-155.58) |
227.91 (227.81-228.01) |
< 0.0001 |
| Smoking status | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 318,338(62.08) | 261,330(59) | 287,071(55.05) | 234,076(48.83) | |
| Ex-smoker | 92,129(17.97) | 78,897(17.81) | 94,861(18.19) | 89,315(18.63) | |
| Current smoker | 102,301(19.95) | 102,697(23.19) | 139,503(26.75) | 155,934(32.53) | |
| Alcohol drinking | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non | 314,134(61.26) | 265,057(59.84) | 294,255(56.43) | 238,044(49.66) | |
| Mild | 162,645(31.72) | 141,544(31.96) | 175,498(33.66) | 178,612(37.26) | |
| Heavy | 35,989(7.02) | 36,323(8.2) | 51,682(9.91) | 62,669(13.07) | |
| Regular exercise | 123,172(24.02) | 95,612(21.59) | 104,569(20.05) | 89,334(18.64) | < 0.0001 |
| Income, low 20% | 109,868(21.43) | 93,352(21.08) | 109,562(21.01) | 100,378(20.94) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 244,395(47.66) | 237,028(53.51) | 289,147(55.45) | 266,913(55.69) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 159,422(31.09) | 162,658(36.72) | 207,102(39.72) | 210,736(43.97) | < 0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 43,907(8.56) | 45,309(10.23) | 55,313(10.61) | 49,440(10.31) | < 0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes ≥ 5years | 163,716(31.93) | 134,867(30.45) | 147,739(28.33) | 119,014(24.83) | < 0.0001 |
| Statin user | 122,853(23.96) | 117,463(26.52) | 139,006(26.66) | 124,018(25.87) | < 0.0001 |
| Fibrate user | 9806(1.91) | 9677(2.18) | 12,358(2.37) | 16,271(3.39) | < 0.0001 |
| Insulin use | 47,708(9.3) | 34,637(7.82) | 36,859(7.07) | 29,225(6.1) | < 0.0001 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, median (25–75%), or n (%)
BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; OHA, oral anti-hypoglycemic agents
P-values for the trend were < 0.0001 for all variables because of the large size of the study population