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. 2022 Oct 20;9:1023583. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1023583

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of the participants according to fatty liver disease status.

All patients Non-FLD FLD p-value
n 370 154 216
Age, y 58.0 ± 9.2 57.8 ± 10.0 58.1 ± 8.7 0.782
Men, n (%) 263 (71.1) 92 (59.7) 171 (79.2) <0.001
BMI, kg/m2 27.6 ± 4.0 26.4 ± 4.0 28.5 ± 3.8 <0.001
Waist circumf., cm 99 ± 12 95 ± 13 101 ± 10 0.066
CUNBAE, % 32.4 ± 5.8 32.3 ± 6.2 32.6 ± 5.5 0.646
Hypertension, n (%) 92 (24.9) 31 (20.1) 61 (28.2) 0.075
Prediabetes, n (%) 135 (36.5) 34 (22.1) 101 (46.8) <0.001
Diabetes, n (%) 39 (10.5) 8 (5.2) 31 (14.4) 0.005
Dyslipidaemia, n (%) 113 (30.5) 34 (22.1) 79 (36.6) 0.003
Current Smoking, n (%) 157 (46.3) 63 (44.7) 94 (47.5) 0.439
Alcohol consumption,
n (%)
136 (36.8) 51 (47.2) 85 (55.2) 0.204
CVD family history,
n (%)
94 (31.9) 35 (28.2) 59 (34.5) 0.253
Antihypertensive therapy, n (%) 74 (20.0) 31 (20.1) 43 (19.9) 0.958
Lipid-lowering therapy,
n (%)
41 (11.1) 19 (12.4) 22 (10.2) 0.501
Antiplatelet therapy,
n (%)
23 (6.2) 9 (5.8) 14 (6.5) 0.802
Glucose (mg/dL) 104 ± 27 98 ± 18 108 ± 31 <0.001
Insulin (U/mL) 12.6 ± 8.0 9.9 ± 5.9 14.1 ± 8.7 0.007
HOMA-IR 3.5 ± 2.6 2.6 ± 1.8 4.0 ± 2.8 <0.005
Triacylglycerol (mg/dL) 116.6 ± 77.2 93 ± 59 132 ± 84 <0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 221.5 ± 40.8 214 ± 37 226 ± 43 0.005
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 144.4 ± 36.3 140 ± 30 148 ± 40 0.048
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 54.0 ± 15.6 56 ± 17 52 ± 14 0.015
Urate (mg/dl) 5.7 ± 1.5 5.2 ± 1.3 6.1 ± 1.5 <0.001
ALT, IU/L 20.3 ± 12.2 16 ± 8 23 ± 14 <0.001
ALP, IU/L 91.2 ± 28.8 91 ± 28 91 ± 29 0.993
GGT, IU/L 26.2 ± 27.0 21 ± 16 30 ± 32 0.003
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 <0.001
GFR MDRD
(ml/min/1.73 m2)
79.8 ± 16.2 81.6 ± 17.9 78.6 ± 14.8 0.075
GFR CPK-EPI (ml/min/1.73 m2) 88.4 ± 15.1 89.7 ± 16.1 87.4 ± 14.2 0.169
Urine Albumin to creatinine ratio, mg/g 1.9 ± 2.8 1.6 ± 2.0 2.2 ± 3.1 0.142
BAAT Score - - 2 ± 1 -

Values are expressed as mean (SD), unless otherwise stated.

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; CUNBAE, Clínica Universidad de Navarra-body adiposity estimator; CPK-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation; FLD, fatty liver disease; GGT, glutamyl transferase; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease; MD, metabolic dysfunction; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease equation.