Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of a convenience sample of PACE participants (N = 72)
| Total N = 72 M (SD) |
PACE-1 n = 36 M (SD) |
PACE-2 n = 36 M (SD) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 74.2 (8.2) | 75.0 (9.1) | 73.3 (7.3) |
| Better Ear PTA (dB HL) | 34.7 (14.0) | 34.5 (12.6) | 35.0 (15.3) |
| HHIE-S | 11.1 (11.0) | 11.5 (11.3) | 10.7 (10.9) |
| Loneliness Score | 42.5 (12.7) | 42.2 (12.7) | 42.9 (12.9) |
| Cognitive Score | 17.6 (5.0) | 18.7 (4.2) | 16.6 (5.5) |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Race ** | |||
| White | 51 (71) | 33 (92) | 18 (50) |
| Black/AA | 6 (8) | 1 (3) | 5 (14) |
| Latinx | 11 (15) | 2 (6) | 9 (25) |
| Other | 4 (6) | 4 (11) | |
| Gender (No. female) | 41 (57) | 22 (61) | 19 (53) |
| Education * | |||
| Less than HS | 27 (38) | 7 (19) | 20 (56) |
| HS/GED | 25 (35) | 17 (47) | 8 (22) |
| More than HS | 14 (19) | 9 (25) | 5 (14) |
| Other | 6 (8) | 3 (8) | 3 (8) |
|
Hearing Status No loss Mild loss Moderate/severe loss |
24 (33) 25 (35) 23 (32) |
11 (31) 13 (36) 12 (33) |
14 (39) 11 (31) 11 (31) |
| HA Use | |||
| Yes | 7 (10) | 6 (17) | 1 (3) |
| Previous | 4 (6) | 2 (6) | 2 (6) |
| No | 58 (84) | 28 (78) | 30 (91) |
| Smoker | |||
| Never | 29 (40) | 15 (42) | 14 (39) |
| Former | 31 (43) | 18 (50) | 13 (36) |
| Current | 12 (17) | 3 (8) | 9 (25) |
|
Alcohol Usea Yes No |
7 (10) 64 (90) |
2 (6) 34 (94) |
5 (14) 30 (86) |
|
Depressionb Yes No |
25 (36) 45 (64) |
13 (37) 22 (63) |
12 (34) 23 (66) |
|
Physical Activityc Inactive Insufficiently active Sufficiently active |
11 (16) 34 (51) 22 (33) |
3 (9) 20 (59) 11 (32) |
8 (24) 14 (42) 11 (33) |
|
Financial Strain Not hard at all Somewhat hard Very hard Other |
36 (50) 23 (32) 12 (17) 1 (1) |
17 (47) 11 (31) 7 (19) 1 (3) |
19 (53) 12 (33) 5 (14) |
|
Stress Not at all A little bit Somewhat Quite a bit Very much |
22 (31) 13 (18) 14 (19) 17 (24) 6 (8) |
10 (28) 8 (22) 8 (22) 6 (17) 4 (11) |
12 (33) 5 (14) 6 (17) 11 (31) 2 (6) |
|
Social Isolation Not isolated Somewhat isolated Very isolated Most isolated |
1 (1) 12 (17) 26 (36) 33 (46) |
6 (17) 15 (42) 15 (42) |
1 (3) 6 (17) 11 (31) 18 (50) |
Note. Loneliness Score was calculated from the UCLA Loneliness Scale – Version 3; Scores range from 20–80 with higher scores indicating more loneliness. Cognitive Score was calculated from the Memory Orientation Screening Test (MOST); Scores less than 18 suggest a diagnosis of dementia. Hearing loss defined as: no loss (≤ 25 dB HL), mild loss (≥ 26–40 dB HL), and moderate/severe loss (> 40 dB HL). Not all percentages add to 100% due to rounding. PACE = Program for All-inclusive Care for the Elderly; PTA = pure-tone average; HHIE-S = Hearing Handicap Inventory for Elderly—Screening; AA = African American; HS = high school; GED = general educational development; HA = hearing aid
Missing data for alcohol use (n = 1) due to unreliable responses on the 3 questions related to alcohol use.
Missing data for depression (n = 2) because the persons opted not to answer one of the two screening questions.
Missing data for exercise (n = 5) due to lack of time estimates for their typical exercise activities.
p < .05;
p < .01