Table 1.
Demographics and injury characteristics.
| Parameters | All patients | ISS <16 | ISS 16-24 | ISS >24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, No. (%) | 54 (100.0) | 18 (33.3) | 15 (27.8) | 21 (38.9) |
| Age, years | 36 (27-52) | 31 (26-48) | 38 (24-61) | 40 (29-55) |
| Sex, male, No. (%) | 46 (85.2) | 14 (77.8) | 15 (100) | 17 (80.9) |
| Race/Ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 31 (57.4) | 9 (50.0) | 9 (60.0) | 13 (61.9) |
| Black | 12 (22.2) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (33.3) | 2 (9.5) |
| Others | 11 (20.4) | 4 (22.2) | 1 (6.7) | 6 (28.6) |
| Injury severity score (ISS) | 21 (14-34) | 12 (9-14) | 18 (17-22) | 34 (29-41)*†# |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 105 (86-135) | 121 (80-145) | 100 (88-135) | 105 (81-129) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 92 (81-113) | 102 (88-112) | 97 (84-120) | 90 (72-112) |
| Shock Index | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | 1.2 (0.8-1.4) | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) |
| BE/BD (mmol/L) | -6.0 (-8.3 - -2.0) | -5.5 (-11.0 - -2.5) | -3.0 (-7.0 - -1.0) | -6.0 (-10.0 - -2.0) |
| GCS | 14 (3-15) | 15 (11-15) | 15 (5-15) | 4 (3-15)*† |
| RBC_4hrs (units) | 5.5 (3.0-10.0) | 4.0 (2.8-6.3) | 6.0 (3.0-10.0) | 6.0 (3.0-11.0) |
| Plasma_4hrs (units) | 5.5 (3.0-10.0) | 4.5 (2.0-6.0) | 6.0 (2.0-10.0) | 6.0 (4.0-10.5) |
| PLT_4hrs(units) | 6.0 (0-6.0) | 4.0 (0-6.0) | 6.0 (0-6.0) | 6.0 (0-12.0) |
| TBI, yes, No. (%) | 15 (27.8) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (13.3) | 12 (57.1)§ |
| AISbrain > 2 | 13 (24.1) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (6.7) | 12 (57.1)§ |
| AISbrain 2 | 2 (3.7) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) |
| AISbrain 3 | 7 (13.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.7) | 6 (50.0)* |
| AISbrain 4 | 2 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (16.7) |
| AISbrain 5 | 4 (7.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (33.3) |
| Hyperglycemia, No. (%) | 30 (55.6) | 7 (38.9) | 6 (40.0) | 17 (81.0)§ |
| Bacteremia, No. (%) | 11 (20.4) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 9 (60.0)§ |
| Respiratory failure, No. (%) | 24 (44.4) | 4 (22.2) | 5 (33.3) | 15 (71.4)§ |
| Pneumonia, No. (%) | 9 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 8 (38.1)§ |
| AKI, No. (%) | 14 (25.9) | 3 (16.7) | 4 (26.7) | 7 (33.3) |
| aUTI, No. (%) | 7 (13.0) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 5 (23.8) |
| Duration of MV (days) | 1 (0-5.0) | 0 (0-1.0) | 1 (0-5.0) | 4 (1-15)* |
| Duration of ICU (days) | 4.0 (1-9.5) | 2.0 (0-5.3) | 4.0 (1.0-7.0) | 9.0 (2.0-18.5)*† |
| Duration of Hospitalization (days) | 14.0 (6.5-24.0) | 8.0(4.5-17.0) | 12.0 (5.0-19.0) | 18.0 (9.5-28.5)* |
| Death, No. (%) | 4 (7.4) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (14.3) |
| MOF/Death, No. (%) | 29 (53.7) | 6 (33.3) | 7 (46.7) | 16 (76.2)§ |
AIS, abbreviated injury scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BE/BD, base excess/base deficit; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelet; AKI, acute kidney injury; aUTI, asymptomatic urinary tract infection, MV, mechanical ventilation, ICU, intensive care unit. Data are presented as median (interquartile ranges, IQR) or otherwise indicated. Statistical analyses were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn’s post hoc test for continuous variables and using Fisher’s exact test or Cochran-Armitage test for trend for ordinal variables where appropriate. *p<0.05, ISS>24 vs. ISS<16; †p<0.05, ISS>24 vs. ISS=16-24; #p<0.05, ISS=16-24 vs. ISS<16; and § P-trend <0.05 from the Cochran-Armitage trend test.