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. 2022 Oct 20;13:1002536. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002536

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Wen, Hou, Yang, Song, Zeng and Sun

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Metabolomic and lipidomic profiles. (A–D) Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plots of the metabolomics and lipidomics data. After-treatment group (green), before-treatment group (blue). (E, F) Volcano diagrams showing all of the identified metabolites from metabolomics and lipidomics analysis. The x-axis and y-axis were drawn based on the fold change and p-values. Each dot represents a metabolite. The larger dots indicate higher VIP value. The increased and decreased metabolites in the after-treatment group are represented by the red and blue dots, respectively, whereas the gray dots represent the unchanged metabolites between two group. (G) Pie charts show total, elevated and decreased differential metabolites. Different colors indicate different classes. (H) Lipidomics bar plot showing the degree of variation in the content of different types of lipids. The y-axis represents the relative percentage change. If the relative percentage change is positive, it means that this super class of lipid is higher in after-treatment group. The x-axis represents the classification of lipids. Acar, Acylcarnitine; AcylGlcADG, Acylglucuronosyldiacylglycerol; CE, Cholesteryl ester; Cer/ADS, Ceramide alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-dihydrosphingosine; Cer/AP, Ceramide alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-phytospingosine; Cer/AS, Ceramide alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-sphingosine; Cer/EODS, Ceramide Esterified omega-hydroxy fatty acid-dihydrosphingosine; Cer/EOS, Ceramide Esterified omega-hydroxy fatty acid-sphingosine; Cer/NDS, Ceramide non-hydroxyfatty acid-dihydrosphingosine; Cer/NS, Ceramide non-hydroxyfatty acid-sphingosine; DAG, Diacylglycerol; DGTS, Diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine; FFA, Free fatty acid; FAHFA, Fatty acid ester of hydroxyl fatty acid; GlcADG, glucuronosyldiacylglycerol; GM3, Ganglioside; HBMP, Hemibismonoacylglycerophosphate; HexCer/AP, Hexosylceramide alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-phytospingosine; HexCer/NDS, Hexosylceramide non-hydroxyfatty acid-dihydrosphingosine; HexCer/NS, Hexosylceramide non-hydroxyfatty acid-sphingosine; LPA, Lysophosphatidic acid; LPC, Lysophophatidylcholine; LPE, Lysophosphatidylethanolamine; LPG, Lysophosphatidylglycerol; LPI, Lysophosphatidylinositol; LPS, Lysophosphatidylserine; MAG, Monoacylglycerol; MGDG, Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol;OxPC, Oxidized phosphatidylcholine; OxPE, Oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine; OxPI, Oxidized phosphatidylglycerol; OxPS, Oxidized phosphatidylinositol; PC, Phosphatidylcholine; PE, Phosphatidylethanolamine; PEtOH, Phosphatidylethanol; PG, Phosphatidylglycerol; PI, Phosphatidylinositol; PS, Phosphatidylserine; SHexCer, SulfurHexosylceramide hydroxyfatty acid; SM, Sphingomyelin; SQDG, Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol; TAG, triacylglycerol.