Table 3. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of DKA patients according to end-of-follow-up (two-year) mortality after DKA admission.
| All patients | End-of-follow-up (two-year) mortality | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 51) | Alive (n = 41) | Dead (n = 10) | ||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 28 (20-44) | 23 (20-38) | 49 (28-67) | ≤ 0.001a |
| Sex | 0.31b | |||
| Male, n (%) | 23 (44.2) | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | |
| DM diagnosis, n | ≤ 0.001b | |||
| New DM diagnosis | 8 | 8 | 0 | |
| DM1 | 34 | 29 | 5 | |
| DM2 | 10 | 5 | 5 | |
| APACHE II, points, mean ± SD | 12.31 ± 6.76 | 11.93 ± 6.05 | 12.0 ± 7.11 | 0.97a |
| SOFA score, points, median (IQR) | 1.5 (0-3.25) | 1 (0-2) | 4 (2.5-6.5) | ≤ 0.001a |
| No. of comorbidities, n (%) | 0.001b | |||
| None | 22 | 21 | 1 | |
| 1 | 13 | 12 | 1 | |
| 2 or more | 16 | 8 | 8 | |
| Infection | ≤ 0.01b | |||
| No | 29 | 27 (93.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | |
| Yes | 22 | 14 (63.6%) | 8 (36.4%) | |
| DKA severity, n (%) | 0.13b | |||
| Mild/moderate | 15 | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | |
| Severe | 36 | 31 (86.1) | 5 (13.9) | |
| pH, mean ± SD | 7.18 ± 0.15 | 7.16 ± 0.13 | 7.24 ± 0.22 | 0.32a |
| Excess base, millimole, mean ± SD | -18 ± 6.2 | -19.5 ± 5.8 | -21.2 ± 7.4 | 0.13a |
| Serum anion gap, millimole, mean ± SD | 26.68 ± 8.65 | 27.44 ± 8.40 | 23.29 ± 9.50 | 0.76a |
| Serum potassium, millimole, mean ± SD | 4.95 ± 1.06 | 4.98 ± 0.99 | 4.90 ± 1.39 | 0.22a |
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg, median (IQR) | 290 (283-304) | 290 (286-302) | 296 (282-325) | 0.56a |
| Serum glucose, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 466 (393-639) | 459 (383-648) | 548 (395-687) | 0.53a |
| Serum albumin, g/dl, median (IQR) | 4 (3.9-4.3) | 4 (4-4.6) | 3.35 (3.0-3.62) | < 0.001a |
| Lactate, mmol/l, mean ± SD | 2.16 ± 1.12 | 2.13 ± 1.09 | 2.36 ± 1.39 | 0.63a |
| Lactate, n (%) | 1.00b | |||
| < 2 mmol/l | 27 | 22 (82) | 5 (19) | |
| ≥ 2 mmol/l | 24 | 19 (80) | 5 (20) | |
| Lactate, n (%) | 0.48b | |||
| < 4 mmol/l | 48 | 39 (81.3) | 9 (18.8) | |
| ≥ 4 mmol/l | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Duration of DM, years, mean ± SD | 10.69 ± 9.7 | 10.17 ± 9.88 | 12.81 ± 9.08 | 0.26a |
| Length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 5 (4.00-8.25) | 5 (4.00-7.00) | 12 (4.75-18.00) | 0.01a |
aMann-Whitney U or paired t test; bFisher exact test or likelihood ratio test; DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis; IQR = interquartile range; DM = diabetes mellitus; APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA = sequential organ failure assessment; SD = standard deviation.