Table 3. Comparison of standard precautions compliance domains means scores of the laboratory class and the game-based virtual reality phone application.
| Standard Precautions Compliance Domains | Number of items |
Groups | Pre-observation | Post-observation | P value ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Score ± SD | Mean Score ± SD | ||||
| Hand Hygiene | 14 | Laboratory Class | 5.4±1.6 | 9.3±2.3 | 0.23 |
| Game-Based Virtual Reality Phone Application | 6.3±6.3 | 12.5 ±1.5 | 0.01 | ||
| P value * | 0.21 | 0.01 | |||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 11 | Laboratory Class | 6.2±4.1 | 8.6±1.2 | 0.11 |
| Game-Based Virtual Reality Phone Application | 6.7±1.3 | 9.5±4.6 | 0.01 | ||
| P value * | 0.19 | 0.01 | |||
| Sharps Safety | 10 | Laboratory Class | 2.4±5.5 | 5.8±3.9 | 0.22 |
| Game-Based Virtual Reality Phone Application | 4.2±4.7 | 7.8±7.7 | 0.04 | ||
| P value * | 0.11 | 0.02 | |||
| Transmission-Based Precautions | 15 | Laboratory Class | 6.1±3.8 | 7.9±6.6 | 0.19 |
| Game-Based Virtual Reality Phone Application | 6.3±7.0 | 12.3±5.1 | 0.01 | ||
| P value * | 0.10 | 0.04 | |||
| Overall | 50 | Laboratory Class | 20.1±5.8 | 31.6±6.3 | 0.15 |
| Game-Based Virtual Reality Phone Application | 23.5±7.9 | 42.1±5.6 | 0.02 | ||
| P value * | 0.17 | 0.02 |
*: The independent-sample t test
**: Paired t-test.