Table 5.

List of antibiotics in the clinical development against various critical superbugs

Sl no.	Name of antibiotics	Trade name	Developer	Class	Phase of clinical trial	Application	References
1	Lascufloxacin	Lasvic (iv)	Kyorin Pharmaceutical	Fluoroquinolone	NDA	Lower RTI	[67]
2	Cefiderocol	Fetroja (iv)	Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Japan	Siderophore cephalosporins	Phase 3	cUTI, CRE	[68]
3	Sulopenem etzadroxil/probenecid	Oral Sulopenem	Iterum Therapeutics	Penem	Phase 3	cUTI	[68]
4	Durlobactam/sulbactam	SUL-DUR (iv)	Entasis Therapeutics	BL/BLI	Phase 3	cUTI	[68]
5	Taniborbactam+cefepime	CERTAIN-1 (iv)	Venatorx’s	BL/BLI	Phase 3	CRE	[68]
6	Enmetazobactam+cefepime	Exblifep	Allecra	BL/BLI	Phase 3	cUTI	[68]
7	Zoliflodacin	ETX-0914	Entasis	Topoisomerase inhibitor (spiropyrimidinetrione)	Phase 3	Gonorrhoea infection	[68]
8	Gepotidacin	GSK2140944	GSK	Topoisomerase inhibitor (triazaacenaphthylene)	Phase 3	cUTI	[68]
9	Levonadifloxacin	EMROK O	Wockhardt	Fluoroquinolone	Phase 3	MRSA	[69]
10	Cefilavancin	TD-1792	Theravance and GSK	Glycopeptide-cephalosporin conjugate	Phase 3	Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections	[70]
11	Solithromycin	Solithera	Melinta	Macrolide	Phase 3	Community-acquired pneumonia	[71]
12	Contezolid acefosamil	MRX 4	MicuRx	Oxazolidinone	Phase 2/3	Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection	[72]
13	Afabicin	AFN-1720	Debiopharm	Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) inhibitor	Phase 2	Bacterial Skin Infection	[73]
14	LYS-228	Ancremonam	Boston	Monobactam	Phase 2	CRE	[74]
15	Nafithromycin	WCK 4873	Wockhardt	Macrolide	Phase 2	Community-acquired pneumonia	[75]
16	TNP-2092	CBR-2092	TenNor	Rifamycin–quinolone hybrid	Phase 2	Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection	[76]
17	Benapenem	Benapenum	Sihuan	Carbapenem	Phase 2	cUTI	[76]
18	Zidebactam+cefepime	WCK 5222	Wockhardt	DBO-BLI	Phase 1	cUTI	[76]
19	Nacubactam+meropenem	-	NacuGen	DBO-BLI	Phase 1	Meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa	[76]
20	ETX0282+cefpodoxime	ETX0282CPDP	Entasis	DBO-BLI	Phase 1	CRE	[76]
21	VNRX-7145+ceftibuten	VNRX-5236 Etzadroxil	VenatoRx	Boronate-BLI	Phase 1	CRE	[76]
22	SPR-741+β-lactam	–	Spero	Polymyxin+β-lactam	Phase 1	Resistance Gram-negative bacterial infection	[76]
23	SPR-206	EVER-206	Spero	Polymyxin	Phase 1	CRE	[76]
24	KBP-7072	–	KBP Biosciences	3rd-gen tetracycline	Phase 2	Multi-resistant bacterial infection	[76]
25	TP-271	–	Tetraphase	Tetracycline	Phase 1	CRE	[76]
26	TP-6076	–	Tetraphase	Tetracycline	Phase 1	CRE	[76]
27	Apramycin (EBL-10031)	–	Juvabis	Aminoglycoside	Phase 1	CRAB	[77]
28	AIC-499		AiCuris	β-lactam	Phase 1	CRE, CRPA, CRAB	[78]
29	TNP-2198	–	TenNor	Rifamycin–nitroimidazole hybrid	Phase 1	Bacterial vaginosis	[78]
30	TXA-709	–	Taxis	FtsZ inhibitor	Phase 1	MRSA	[78]
31	BCM-0184		Biocidium	–	Phase 1	MRSA, VRE, CRE	[78]
32	Ceftazidime-avibactam	Zavicefta	Actavis	BLI+β-lactam	Phase 1	CRE	[79]
33	Meropenem and vaborbactam	VABOMERE	Melinta	β-lactam+BLI	US FDA approved	cUTI	[80]
34	Iclaprim	Mersarex	Motif Bio PLC	Diaminopyrimidine	NDA	Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection	[81]
35	Omadacycline	Nuzyra	Paratek	Tetracycline	NDA	cUTI, CRAB	[82]
36	Eravacycline	Xerava	Tetraphase	Tetracycline	NDA	CRE	[82]
37	Delpazolid	LCB01-0371	LegoChem Biosciences	Oxazolidinone	Phase 1	TB	[82]
38	Brilacidin	PMX-30063	Innovation	Polymer-based antibiotics, Mimetic defensin	Phase 2/NDA	Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID 19), Acute bacterial skin, and skin structure infections	[83]
39	Nemonoxacin	Taigexyn	TaiGen	Quinolone	Phase 2	Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections	[84]
40	Lefamulin	BC-3781	Nabriva	Pleuromutilin	USFDA	Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections	[85]
41	Murepavadin	POL7080	Polyphor	Peptidomimetic	Phase 3	Hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia	[85]
42	Ceftobiprole	Zevtera	Basilea	β-lactam	Phase 3	MRSA	[85]
43	Ridinilazole	SMT19969	Summit	Bis-benzimidazole 11	Phase 2	Clostridioides difficile infection	[85]