Table 2.

Notable Examples of Plastic Surgery Applications of VR, AR, and MR

Modality	Example of Technology	Description
VR	1. The virtual nose25	1. A novel three-dimensional VR model of the nose, allowing for effective teaching and anatomy visualization.
	2. Virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures27,28	2. Static and dynamic animation of normal and pathologic craniofacial states, as well as procedural steps in commonly performed procedures.
	3. Touch surgery1	3. Plastic surgery procedures taught in a stepwise format, allowing for both learning and testing modes.
	4. Crisalix,1 VR-assisted surgical planning10	4. Applications designed to render postoperative results that can be demonstrated for patients using preoperative images and patient scans.
AR	1. Google Glass for K-wire fixation of metacarpal fractures17	1. Heads-up display to augment the surgeon’s visualization of the fracture pattern and K-wire placement.
MR	1. Remote learning and telementoring for novice surgeons24	1. Remote teaching of overseas cleft surgeons using an AR platform, demonstrating improvement in clinical skills.
	2. Intraoperative navigation36	2. Use of an AR system for intraoperative navigation in mandibular osteotomies, resulting in improved accuracy.
	3. Preoperative planning37	3. AR system to assist with creation of accurate cutting guides for fibula free flap harvest.