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. 2022 Sep 28;37(5):719–731. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2022.1573

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), secreted by pituitary gland and immune cells (i.e., macrophage), acts on melanocortin 2 receptor (Mc2r) on osteoblasts and upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), which induces transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).