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. 2022 Oct 20;13:1018093. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1018093

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Copyright © 2022 Han, Chen, Cheng, Zhang, Lu, Xu and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Qualitative analysis and meta-analysis for α- and β-diversity. (A) Qualitative comparisons for α- and β- diversity; (B) Meta-analysis for α-diversity indices. (C) Network meta-analysis for ACE and Chao1 index; (D) Network meta-analysis for Observed sp. and Shannon index. Data are shown as standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval). The estimate is for the column-defining treatment compared to the row-defining treatment. Statistical significance is defined as 95% CIs that do not overlap zero (bold text). DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HC, healthy controls; NDKD, non-diabetic kidney disease; N, number of study.