Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MES, metabolomic signature; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; WC, waist circumference. Traditional risk factors included age, sex, smoking, pack-years among ever smokers, alcohol drinking, diet quality, physical activity, family history of diabetes, BMI, and WC. Plasma glucose was represented by a composite glucose/fructose/galactose level in the metabolomics data. The prediction performance of obesity MESs alone and in addition to traditional T2D risk factors was assessed by computing the C-statistics (i.e., area under the ROC curve). p≥0.12 for pairwise comparisons in Figure 5A, and p=0.22 for comparison between the first two models, and ≤0.003 for other pairwise comparisons in Figure 5B.