Table 1.
Baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the study population (SWHS, 1996–2016)
| Overall (n=72807) |
P | Premenopausal women (n=37252) |
P | Postmenopausal women (n=35555) |
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver cancer cases (n=258) | Non-cases (n=72549) |
Liver cancer cases (n=61) |
Non-cases (n=37191) |
Liver cancer cases (n=197) |
Non-cases (n=35358) |
||||
| Age at entry (years) | 60.8 (14.7) | 50.2 (16.4) | <0.001 | 46.6 (5.2) | 44.7 (5.3) | <0.001 | 63.2 (8.1) | 61.1 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 (5.3) | 23.7 (4.4) | <0.001 | 23.1 (4.7) | 23.1 (4.1) | 0.394 | 25.2 (4.8) | 24.4 (4.7) | 0.007 |
| Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | 102.7 (55.2) | 100.5 (57.1) | 0.937 | 103.0 (64.8) | 99.3 (58.4) | 0.829 | 102.2 (52.9) | 101.7 (55.4) | 0.986 |
| Calorie intake (kcal/day) | 1588.3 (474.4) | 1634.9 (495.4) | 0.161 | 1714.6 (566.1) | 1653.6 (491.6) | 0.667 | 1560.7 (460.1) | 1614.6 (498.8) | 0.211 |
| Education (N, %) | <0.001 | 0.649 | 0.002 | ||||||
| Elementary school and below | 108 (41.9) | 15414 (21.2) | 3 (4.9) | 1038 (2.8) | 105 (53.3) | 14376 (40.7) | |||
| Middle school | 65 (25.2) | 27046 (37.3) | 27 (44.3) | 18693 (50.3) | 38 (19.3) | 8353 (23.6) | |||
| High school | 61 (23.6) | 20290 (28.0) | 23 (37.7) | 12727 (34.2) | 38 (19.3) | 7563 (21.4) | |||
| College and above | 24 (9.3) | 9799 (13.5) | 8 (13.1) | 4733 (12.7) | 16 (8.1) | 5066 (14.3) | |||
| Occupation (N, %) | 0.033 | 0.731 | 0.011 | ||||||
| Housewife | 3 (1.2) | 264 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (0.1) | 3 (1.5) | 230 (0.7) | |||
| Professional | 58 (22.5) | 20638 (28.4) | 18 (29.5) | 10071 (27.1) | 40 (20.3) | 10567 (29.9) | |||
| Clerical | 59 (22.9) | 15057 (20.8) | 16 (26.2) | 8879 (23.9) | 43 (21.8) | 6178 (17.5) | |||
| Manual workers | 138 (53.5) | 36590 (50.4) | 27 (44.3) | 18207 (49.0) | 111 (56.3) | 18383 (52.0) | |||
| Family income (yuan/year) | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.104 | ||||||
| <10,000 | 59 (22.9) | 11654 (16.1) | 11 (18.0) | 4766 (12.8) | 48 (24.4) | 6888 (19.5) | |||
| 10,000- | 95 (36.8) | 27742 (38.2) | 20 (32.8) | 14434 (38.8) | 75 (38.1) | 13308 (37.6) | |||
| 20,000- | 77 (29.8) | 20387 (28.1) | 26 (42.6) | 11392 (30.6) | 51 (25.9) | 8995 (25.4) | |||
| ≥30,000 | 27 (10.5) | 12766 (17.6) | 4 (6.6) | 6599 (17.7) | 23 (11.7) | 6167 (17.4) | |||
| Marital status (N, %) | 0.138 | 0.972 | 0.878 | ||||||
| Never married | 1 (0.4) | 620 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 415 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 205 (0.6) | |||
| Married | 224 (86.8) | 64468 (88.9) | 60 (98.4) | 34771 (93.5) | 164 (83.2) | 29697 (84.0) | |||
| Widowed | 29 (11.2) | 5330 (7.3) | 0 (0.0) | 622 (1.7) | 29 (14.7) | 4708 (13.3) | |||
| Separated | 2 (0.8) | 791 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 479 (1.3) | 2 (1.0) | 312 (0.9) | |||
| Divorced | 2 (0.8) | 1340 (1.8) | 1 (1.6) | 904 (2.4) | 1 (0.5) | 436 (1.2) | |||
| Smoking status (yes) | 11 (4.3) | 2006 (2.8) | 0.203 | 1 (1.6) | 534 (1.4) | 0.587 | 10 (5.1) | 1472 (4.2) | 0.645 |
| Alcohol drinking status (yes) | 4 (1.6) | 1636 (2.3) | 0.581 | 1 (1.6) | 774 (2.1) | 1.000 | 3 (1.5) | 862 (2.4) | 0.549 |
| Tea drinking status (yes) | 58 (22.5) | 21725 (29.9) | 0.011 | 14 (23.0) | 12857 (34.6) | 0.076 | 44 (22.3) | 8868 (25.1) | 0.421 |
| Family history of liver cancer (yes) | 26 (10.1) | 2360 (3.3) | <0.001 | 8 (13.1) | 1245 (3.3) | <0.001 | 18 (9.1) | 1115 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| History of hepatitis (yes) | 37 (14.3) | 1835 (2.5) | <0.001 | 15 (24.6) | 825 (2.2) | <0.001 | 22 (11.2) | 1010 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| History of cholelithiasis (yes) | 52 (20.2) | 8054 (11.1) | <0.001 | 12 (19.7) | 2675 (7.2) | <0.001 | 40 (20.3) | 5379 (15.2) | 0.060 |
| History of diabetes (yes) | 26 (10.1) | 3104 (4.3) | <0.001 | 3 (4.9) | 500 (1.3) | 0.050 | 23 (11.7) | 2604 (7.4) | 0.030 |
| History of high blood pressure (yes) | 76 (29.5) | 17126 (23.6) | 0.033 | 7 (11.5) | 4907 (13.2) | 0.836 | 69 (35.0) | 12219 (34.6) | 0.950 |
SWHS, Shanghai Women’s Health Study; BMI, body mass index.
Values were median (quantile range) for continuous variables and count (proportion) for categorical item