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. 2022 Nov 3;12:18598. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20605-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flowchart for data collection. Patients were selected from recent clinical workflows at the Cranio and Dentomaxillofacial Radiological Department of the University Hospital of Tampere, Finland (TAUH), and from the Department of Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand. Combined dataset had a total number of 1132 scans from 1103 patients that were split into a training set, internal validation set, and holdout test set with 853, 100, and 150 patients, respectively.