Table 1.
The following table summarizes the various activities of ellagic acid and its mechanism of action
| Sn. No | Activity | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anticancer |
EA exhibits a cytotoxic effect against the A549 cell lines by inhibiting the sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) In MCF-7 cell lines of breast cancer, EA inhibits integrin-linked kinase (IKL). It also regulates TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway to arrest the cycle in the G0/G1 phase |
(Yoganathan et al. 2021) |
| 2 | Anti-inflammation | EA reduces the effect of inflammation by regulating the inflammatory chemokines such as IL-6, LI-17, TNF-α, TGF-β, COX-2, and NO and promotes the anti-inflammatory biomarkers and receptors such as PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, IL-10, and Nrf2 |
(Baradaran Rahimi et al. 2020) (Liu et al. 2020) |
| 3 | Antidiabetic | In high glucose-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus HepG2 cells, EA is found to improve insulin resistance and oxidative damage by activating the keap1-Nrf2 signaling system | (Ding et al. 2019) |
| 4 | Antihypertensive | EA prevents the hypertensive effect developed by NOS inhibitors by increasing the expression of eNOS protein and reduces oxidative stress by the reduction in a subunit of NADPH oxidase |
(Berkban et al. 2015) (Olgar et al. 2014) |
| 5 | Neuroprotective |
Administration of EA helps in the proliferation of neural stem cells and improves injury of the brain by regulating the Wnt/β- catenin signaling pathway EA helps in the reconstruction of the blood–brain barrier by upregulating zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and downregulating aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) and metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9) damaged tissues of the brain |
(Liu et al. 2017). (Wang et al. 2019a, b, c, d) |
| 6 | Artheroprotective | The consumption of EA for the long term reduced the development of atherosclerotic lesions as studied in wild-type mice by improving the activation of Nrf2, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress | (Ding et al. 2014) |
| 7 | Renoprotective | EA acts to protect against renal ischemia injury by suppression of the NOX4/JAK/STAT signaling pathway | (Liu et al. 2020) |
| 8 | Antioxidant | Activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD is increased in the tissues of the liver, heart, and kidney | (Goudarzi et al. 2018) |
| 9 | Cardioprotective | The administration of EA helps in preventing Ca2+ dysregulation which is associated with cardiac hypertrophy | (Yamasan et al. 2021) |