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. 2022 Aug 12;11(4):1245–1266. doi: 10.1007/s40122-022-00422-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Relative risks of the incidence of low back pain and neck pain in China from 1990 to 2019 due to effects of age, period, and cohort. A Age effects on low back pain; B period effects on low back pain; C cohort effects on low back pain; D age effects on neck pain; E period effects on neck pain; F cohort effects on neck pain