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. 2022 Oct 21;13:1015372. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015372

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Copyright © 2022 Yadav, Ito, Mindur, Kumar, Youssef, Suresh, Kulkarni, Rosario, Balashov, Dhib-Jalbut and Ito

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fecal Lcn-2 is a biomarker for the development of spontaneous EAE in 3A6/DR2a mice. (A) Association between increase in fecal Lcn-2 levels (ng/mg total protein) and development of spontaneous EAE (Non-EAE; n = 62, EAE; n = 18).(B) Time course of development of spontaneous EAE (•) and fecal Lcn-2 levels (◼) in 3A6/DR2a Tg mice. Fecal Lcn-2 levels before and after clinical EAE onset are shown. Mean ± SEM (n =6). (C) Immunohistopathology showing increase in Lcn2⁺ Ly6G⁺ cells in the large intestine upon development of EAE. (D) Increase in neutrophil (Ly6G⁺) cells in the large intestine (LI) upon development of EAE. (E, F) Large intestines (E) and small intestine (F) were stained with anti-Lcn-2 mAb and anti-Ly6G mAb, and number of Lcn-2⁺(red), Ly6G⁺ (green), and Lcn-2⁺ Ly6G⁺ (yellow) cells were quantified. Mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.