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. 2022 Oct 21;13:1015372. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015372

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Fecal Lcn-2 is a biomarker of gut dysbiosis in RRMS patients. (A) Serum Lcn-2 concentration in HDs and RRMS patients. (B–D) Fecal Lcn-2 concentration in HDs and RRMS patients. Fecal Lcn-2 levels are shown as ng/mg total protein of fecal extract (B) and µg/gm fecal weight (C), and fecal Lcn-2 levels between ng/mg total protein and µg/gm fecal weight are significantly correlated (D). RRMS patients (n = 14) and HDs (n = 18) are shown. (E-G: left graph) Spearman correlations between fecal Lcn-2 levels and alpha diversity based on Chao1 index (E), Shannon index (F), and Faith phylogenetic diversity score (G). (E–G right graph) RRMS subjects were divided into Lcn-2-low (<50 ng/mg total protein) and Lcn-2-high (>50 ng/mg total protein) groups, and alpha diversity based on Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Faith phylogenetic diversity score in HDs (n=13), MS Lcn-2-low (n=8), and MS Lcn-2-high (n=5) subjects are shown. (H) Spearman’s correlation between fecal Lcn-2 and serum endotoxin levels (left graph). Endotoxin levels in the serum of HD (n = 16), Lcn-2-low (n = 8) and Lcn-2-high MS subjects (n = 6) (right graph). (I, J) PCoA plot of beta-diversity by Unweighted UniFrac distance analysis (I), and Weighted Unifrac distance analysis (J). Each dot represents an individual subject. Mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05.