Table1.

TLRs and their associated ligands.

TLR	Localization	Gene and its location	Ligands (PAMPs and DAMPs)	Origin of ligands
TLR2	Plasma membrane	4q31.3	Peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, lipoproteins, lipoarabinomannan, phenol-soluble modulin, glycoinositolphospholipids, glycolipids, porins, zymosan, atypical lipopolysaccharide, heat shock protein70(Hsp70), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin acts, an alarmin	Gram-positive bacteria, Mycobacteria, Fungi, Host-derived DAMPs
TLR3	Endolysosome	4q35.1	Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)	Viruses
TLR4	Plasma membrane	9q33.1	Atypical lipopolysaccharide: Gram-negative bacteria, taxol, fusion protein, envelope proteins, high mobility group box 1 protein, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp22, Hsp96, Type III repeat extra domain A of fibronectin, oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acids, polysaccharide fragments of heparin sulfate, fibrinogen, saturated fatty-acids	Gram-negative bacteria, Plant, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), Host-derived DAMPs
TLR9	Endolysosome	3p21.2	CpG oligodeoxyneucleotide, hemozoin pigment, Histones	Bacteria and viruses (HSV), Malaria, Host-derived DAMPs

TLR, Toll-like receptors.