Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Intervention (N = 52) | No intervention (N = 29) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 69.8 (6.2) | 69.8 (7.0) | 0.954 |
| Gender (Female) | 40 (76.9%) | 24 (82.8%) | 0.536 |
| Education (≤6 years) | 25 (49.0%) | 17 (58.6%) | 0.408 |
| Social | |||
| Lives alone | 9 (17.3%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.994 |
| Lack confidant | 8 (15.4%) | 9 (31.0%) | 0.097 |
| No social contact | 1 (7.7%) | 0 | 0.291 |
| No community activities | 3 (10.3%) | 5 (9.8%) | 1.00 |
| Inadequate expenses | 20 (38.5%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.047 |
| Help others | 13 (25.0%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.931 |
| Active employment | 6 (11.5%) | 10 (34.5%) | 0.013 |
| Number of comorbidities | 2 (1–2.5) | 1 (0–2) | 0.101 |
| Smoking (ex/current) | 4 (7.7%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.403 |
| Alcohol | 8 (15.4%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.738 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| CMMSE impaired | 9 (17.3%) | 0 | 0.017 |
| Depression | 12 (23.1%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.536 |
| At-risk/malnourished | 13 (25.0%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.421 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (4.5) | 23.2 (3.3) | 0.117 |
| Any fall past 1-year | 15 (28.5%) | 6 (20.7%) | 0.422 |
| Functional performance | |||
| Barthel index | 20 (20–20) | 20 (20–20) | 0.598 |
| Lawton's IADL | 23 (22–23) | 23 (20–23) | 0.863 |
| Life space assessment | 77.6 (25.0) | 85.5 (17.7) | 0.143 |
| Physical activity (hours/week) | 19.3 (17.6) | 20.9 (18.0) | 0.738 |
| Locomotion domain score | 0.758 | ||
| 0 | 13 (25.0%) | 8 (27.6%) | |
| 1 | 8 (15.4%) | 6 (20.7%) | |
| 2 | 31 (59.6%) | 15 (51.7%) | |
| Cognition domain score | 0.038 | ||
| 0 | 9 (17.3%) | 0 | |
| 1 | 16 (30.8%) | 14 (48.3%) | |
| 2 | 27 (51.9%) | 15 (51.7%) | |
| Psychological domain score | 0.329 | ||
| 0 | 12 (23.1%) | 5 (17.2%) | |
| 1 | 4 (7.7%) | 0 | |
| 2 | 36 (69.2%) | 24 (82.8%) | |
| Sensory domain score | 0.032 | ||
| 0 | 5 (9.6%) | 0 | |
| 1 | 11 (21.2%) | 13 (44.8%) | |
| 2 | 36 (69.2%) | 16 (55.2%) | |
| Vitality domain score | 0.780 | ||
| 0 | 9 (17.3%) | 4 (13.8%) | |
| 1 | 11 (21.2%) | 8 (27.6%) | |
| 2 | 32 (61.5%) | 17 (58.6%) | |
| Composite IC | 7 (6–9) | 8 (6–9) | 0.719 |
| Number domains impaired | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.600 |
| Enrolment criteria | 0.24 | ||
| FRAIL –, weak and/or slow | 23 (44.2%) | 18 (62.1%) | |
| FRAIL +, unimpaired grip/ gait | 12 (23.1%) | 6 (20.7%) | |
| FRAIL +, weak and/or slow | 17 (32.7%) | 5 (17.2%) | |
| Slow gait speed | 9 (17.3%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.398 |
| Weak grip strength | 37 (71.2%) | 23 (79.3%) | 0.422 |
CMMSE, modified Chinese Mini Mental State Examination; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.