Table 2.
Frailty and clinical outcomes at 1-year.
| Intervention (N = 52) | No intervention (N = 29) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reversal to robustness | 16 (30.8%) | 13 (44.8%) | 0.206 |
| Prefrailty characteristics | 0.603 | ||
| FRAIL –, weak and/or slow | 18 (34.6%) | 7 (24.1%) | |
| FRAIL +, unimpaired grip/ gait | 5 (9.6%) | 2 (6.9%) | |
| FRAIL +, weak and/or slow | 13 (25.0%) | 7 (24.1%) | |
| Slow gait speed | 7 (13.5%) | 0 | 0.039 |
| Weak grip strength | 27 (51.9%)* | 14 (48.3%)* | 0.753 |
| FRAIL item responses | |||
| Fatiguebaseline | 5 (9.6%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.916 |
| Fatigue12 − mth | 3 (5.8%) | 1 (3.5%) | 0.644 |
| Resistancebaseline | 20 (38.5%) | 6 (20.7%) | 0.100 |
| Resistance12 − mth | 18 (34.6%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.328 |
| Ambulationbaseline | 7 (13.5%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.683 |
| Ambulation12 − mth | 10 (19.2%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.134 |
| Loss of weightbaseline | 4 (8.0%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.411 |
| Loss of weight12 − mth | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (3.5%) | 0.693 |
| Illnessesbaseline | 0 | 1 (3.5%) | 0.178 |
| Illnesses12 − mth | 0 | 0 | – |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| CMMSE impaired | 11 (21.6%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.392 |
| CMMSE score change | 0.48 (2.22) | −0.28 (1.79) | 0.120 |
| Depression | 4 (7.8%)* | 3 (10.3%) | 0.703 |
| GDS score change | 0.52 (1.91) | 0.24 (0.31) | 0.473 |
| At-risk/malnourished | 12 (23.1%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.914 |
| MNA-SF score change | 0.006 (1.39) | 0.03 (1.61) | 0.946 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 (4.8) | 23.7 (3.5)* | 0.231 |
| BMI change | 0.28 (1.24) | 0.57 (0.91) | 0.258 |
| Functional performance | |||
| Barthel index | 20 (20–20) | 20 (20–20) | 0.408 |
| Barthel index score change | 0.13 (0.60) | 0.17 (0.76) | 0.805 |
| Lawton's IADL | 23 (22–23) | 23 (22–23) | 0.588 |
| Lawton's score change | 0.37 (2.31) | 0.24 (2.23) | 0.815 |
| Life Space Assessment (LSA) | 75.7 (21.8) | 82.9 (16.1) | 0.124 |
| LSA score change | −1.82 (20.2) | −2.2 (21.4) | 0.933 |
| Physical activity (hours/week) | 20.9 (15.2) | 25.5 (19.9) | 0.280 |
| Physical activity change | 1.66 (17.27) | 6.37 (24.64) | 0.375 |
| Health-related outcomes | |||
| Hospitalization | 9 (17.3%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.680 |
| Falls | 12 (23.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.065 |
CMMSE, modified Chinese Mini Mental State Examination; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.
* McNemar's p < 0.05 for within group comparison between baseline and 12-month follow-up.