TABLE 1.

Differentiation of ADSC into cells from mesodermal and ectodermal origin.

Cell type	Differentiation medium	Time	Cell markers	References
Mesodermal lineage
Vascular smooth muscle cells	DMEM +1% FBS, 5 ng/ml TGF-β1, 2.5 ng/ml BMP4	7 days	The expression of α-SMA, Calponin, SM22α, MHC	(Wang et al., 2010)
Vascular smooth muscle cells	LG-DMEM + 1% FBS, 5 ng/ml TGF-β1, and 2.5 ng/ml BMP4	7 days	The expression of α-SMA, Calponin, SM22α, MHC	(Aji et al., 2016)
Vascular endothelial cell	EGM-2 + 2% FBS, 50 ng/ml rhVEGF, 100 ng/ml BMP4, under hypoxia (2% O2)		CD31, VEGF-R2, and VE-cadherin	(Shang et al., 2019)
Cardiomyocytes	DMEM +10% FBS, 10 ng/ml bFGF, 20 ng/ml BMP4	4 days	The expression of GATA4, MEF2C, MLC2A, MLC2V, a-Actinin, Troponin I	(Hasani et al., 2020)
Vascular smooth muscle cell	DMEM +1% FBS, 5 ng/ml TGF-β 2.5 ng/ml BMP4	7 days	The expression of α-SMA, SM22α, calponin and SM-MHC	(Lin et al., 2020)
Vascular smooth muscle cells	DMEM +1% FBS, 5 ng/ml TGF-β 2.5 ng/ml BMP4	4 days	The expression of -SMA, Caldesmon, SM22α, MHC	Yogi et al. (2021)
Ectodermal lineage
Keratinocyte	DMEM +0.5 nM (17 ng/ml) BMP-4, 0.3 mM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, 0.5 ug/ml hydrocortisone, 5 nM (1.5 ng/ml) retinoic acid, 20 ng/ml EGF	7 days	The expression of pan-cytokeratin, CK1, CK14, CK18, Involucrin	(Petry et al., 2018)
Keratinocytes	DMEM +1 μM All-trans retinoic acid, 25 ng/ml BMP4, co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) (5 × 104 cells/ml) keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) + co-culture with NHDFs	4 days	Cytokeratin 10 (K10), Type VII collagen (Col7)	(Maeda et al., 2017)
		7 days