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. 2022 Jul 11;13:936106. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936106

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Copyright © 2022 Martínez-Gómez, Ibarra-González, Fernández-Lainez, Tusie, Moreno-Macías, Martinez-Armenta, Jimenez-Gutierrez, Vázquez-Cárdenas, Vidal-Vázquez, Ramírez-Hinojosa, Rodríguez-Zulueta, Vargas-Alarcón, Rojas-Velasco, Sánchez-Muñoz, Posadas-Sanchez, Martínez-Ruiz, Zayago-Angeles, Moreno, Barajas-Galicia, Lopez-Cisneros, Gonzalez-Fernández, Ortega-Peña, Herrera-López, Olea-Torres, Juárez-Arias, Rosas-Vásquez, Cabrera-Nieto, Magaña, Camacho-Rea, Suarez-Ahedo, Coronado-Zarco, Valdespino-Vázquez, Martínez-Nava, Pineda, Vela-Amieva, López-Reyes and Mex-Gen-COVID Initiative Group

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes associated with COVID-19 clinical severity. (A) Radar plot of amino acid and SA profiles in the studied groups. (B) Radar plot of acylcarnitine profiles in the studied groups. The log2-normalized median fold-change in the levels of acylcarnitines was calculated and compared with the levels in HS. (C) Hierarchical clustering analysis heatmap illustrating the changes in serum metabolite abundance (average serum metabolites from each studied group) of the top 25 metabolites from HS and patients with mild, moderate, and critical COVID-19. The colored boxes on the right of the figure indicate the relative concentrations of the corresponding metabolite in each group under study, from less concentrated (dark blue) to most concentrated (dark red). ALA, Alanine; ARG, Arginine; CIT, Citrulline; GLY, Glycine; XLE-OHPro (Leucine, Isoleucine Alloisoleucine and Hydroxyproline); MET, Methionine; ORN, Ornithine; PHE, Phenylalanine; PRO, Proline; TYR, Tyrosine; VAL, Valine; SA, Succinylacetone; C0, Free-carnitine; C2, Acetylcarnitine; C3, Propionylcarnitine; C3DC, Malonylcarnitine; C4, Butyrylcarnitine; C4OH, 3-hydroxy-butyrylcarnitine; C4DC, Methylmalonylcarnitine; C5, Isovalerylcarnitine; C5:1, Tiglylcarnitine; C5DC, Glutarylcarnitine; C5OH, 3-Hydroxy-isovalerylcarnitine; C6, Hexanoylcarnitine; C6DC, Adipylcarnitine; C8, Octanoylcarnitine; C8:1, Octenoylcarnitine; C10, Decanoylcarnitine; C10:1, Decenoylcarnitine; C12, Dodecanoylcarnitine; C12:1, Dodecenoylcarnitine; C14, Tetradecanoylcarnitine; C14:1, Tetradecenoylcarnitine; C14:2, Tetradecadienoylcarnitine; C14OH, 3-Hydroxy-tetradecanoylcarnitine; C16, Hexadecanoylcarnitine; C16:1, Hexadecenoylcarnitine; C16OH, 3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoylcarnitine; C16:1OH, 3-Hydroxy-hexadecenoylcarnitine; C18, Octadecanoylcarnitine; C18:1, Octadecenoylcarnitine; C18:2, Octadecadienoylcarnitine; C18:OH, 3-Hydroxy-octadecanoylcarnitine; C18:1OH, 3-Hydroxy-octadecenoylcarnitine.