TABLE 1.

Representative stimuli-responsive microneedle patches regulated by external triggers and their biomedical applications.

Microneedle	Payload	Stimulus	Application	Ref.
Alginate hydrogel matrix coated with poly(lactide)	Peptide-nucleic acid	UV-Light	miRNA sampling and detection	[116]
Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)	Ibuprofen	UV-Light	Pain relief	[16]
Hyaluronic acid/PEGlyated gold nanorod	Doxorubicin	Near-Infrared	Cancer therapy	[117]
Polycaprolactone/LaB6@SiO2	Doxorubicin	Near-Infrared	Cancer therapy	[17]
Poly(l-lactide) matrix coated with PEGylated gold nanorod and micelles	Docetaxel	Near-Infrared	Cancer therapy	[118]
Hyaluronic acid with gold nanocage	Doxorubicin	Near-Infrared	Cancer therapy	[28]
Polyvinylpyrrolidone with polydopamine/lauric acid-coated SiO2	Metformin	Near-Infrared	Type II diabetes	[23]
Chitosan/graphene assembled in porous carbon nanocomposites	Cephalexin	Electric	Antimicrobial therapy	[119]
PEG-PEO-PEG triblock copolymer	Methotrexate	Thermal	Cancer therapy	[107]
Polyvinylpyrrolidone with graphene doped with gold and combined with a gold mesh	Metformin	Electrical/thermal	Diabetes	[80]
Polycaprolactone as tip and polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone as base	Metformin	Mechanical/thermal	Diabetes	[25]
Poly(caprolactone) as tip and polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone as base	Metformin	Mechanical/near-infrared	Diabetes	[40]
Hyaluronic acid as tip and polycaprolactone as base	Vaccine antigens derived from canine influenza virus	Mechanical	Influenza vaccination	[120]