Figure 6.

Indole reduces the ability of EPEC to translocate NleD into host cells, even in the presence of CAI-1. (a) HeLa cells were infected with WT and ΔescN EPEC strains grown under optimal T3SS-inducing conditions in the presence of various indole concentrations (100–1000 µM) for 3 h. Cells were washed, and their proteins were extracted and subjected to western blotting analysis using anti-JNK and anti-actin (loading control) antibodies. JNK and its degradation fragments are indicated to the right of the gel. (b) Western blotting analysis of JNK degradation patterns following HeLa infection with WT and ΔescN EPEC strains grown under semi-optimal T3SS-inducing conditions in the absence or presence of CAI-1 (50 µM) and indole (50 or 500 µM) for 2 h.