Figure 2.

Electrochemical impedance biosensors for automated and in-line detection of albumin, GST-α, and CK-MB secreted by MPSs. a). The functionalization, detection, and regeneration steps of the impedance biosensors. The inset image is the photo of the fabricated gold electrode. b). Schematic illustration of the microfluidic breadboard design. This allowed multiple sensing cycles, including biofunctionalization, washing, sensing, and regeneration. c). The detection performance of these three impedance biosensors. All of them can detect targets from 0 to 100 ng/mL. Reproduced with permission from ref (51). Copyright 2016 National Academy of Sciences.