Figure 5.

Representative biosensors for monitoring the microenvironment. a). A ruthenium oxide (RuOx) based electrode measured extracellular acidification rate (ECARs) and oxygen consumption rates (OCRs). This nanorods electrode continuously measured ECARs and OCRs in cardiomyocytes cultures over 48 hours. Reproduced with permission from ref (114). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. b). A silicon-based sensor integrated into an organ-on-a-chip for temperature monitoring. The sensor could respond in about 15 seconds. Reproduced with permission from ref (115). Copyright 2021 Elsevier.