Table 1.

The state-of-the-art biosensors integrated within MPS.

Sensor Classification		Target	LOD linear range	Probe	Advantages/disadvantages	Represent reference
Electrochemical Biosensors	Amperometric	Glucose	N/A 0.5-30 mM	Glucose oxidase	Relatively mature technology Fast response Changes in enzyme activity Calibration required	42
		Lactate	N/A 0.5-20 mM	Lactase
	Voltammetric	IL-6	8 ng/mL 0- 2 μg/mL	Antibody	Relatively high sensitivity Multiplexing Changes in antibody activity Relatively long reaction time Signal saturation for long-term monitoring	22
		TNF-α	2 ng/mL 0- 2 μg/mL	Antibody
	Impedance	CK-MB	0.0024 ng/mL 0.01- 10 ng/mL	Antibody	High sensitivity Regeneratable Relatively high linear range Relatively long reaction time Signal saturation for long-term monitoring	51
		GST-α	0.01 ng/mL 0.1- 100 ng/mL	Antibody
		Albumin	0.09 ng/mL 0.1- 100 ng/mL	Antibody
	Potentiometry	pH	59 mV/pH (sensitivity) 5- 8	Polyaniline	Easy to configure and cheap Fast response Low sensitivity Limitation in targets	62, 63
Electrical Biosensors	TEER	Electrical resistance	N/A	None	High sensitivity Continuous monitoring Relatively high linear range	54, 55
	FET	CEA	1 fg/ml 10 fg/mL to 1 ng/mL	Antibody	High sensitivity High detection range High cost Relatively complex manufacturing process	64
		miRNA	0.1 fM 1 fM t0 10 pM	Nucleic acid probe
Optical Biosensors	Fluorescence	Oxygen	NM	Silica microparticles	Provide temporal and spatial information Lack portable device	78
	SPR	Insulin	0.85± 0.13 μg/ mL 0- 100 μg/ mL	Antibody	Label-free Fast response Relatively low sensitivity Relatively high cost	93
	FRET	Calcium	NM	Fluorescent probe	Provide intracellular information Relatively high sensitivity Lack portable device	90