Table 1.

Study Characteristics

Characteristics	No. of studies	Percentages (%)
	51	100.00
Publication year
2020	24	47.1
2021	27	52.9
Region of samples (s = 64)
Western culture	40	62.5
America (i.e., USA, Canada, Columbia, Mexico)	20	50.0
Europe (i.e., UK, Belgium, France, Switzerland, etc.)	14	35.0
Oceania (i.e., Australia and New Zealand)	2	5.0
Africa (i.e., Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and South Africa)	4	10.0
Eastern culture	24	37.5
Middle east (i.e., Qatar and Saudi Arabia)	2	3.1
Southeast Asia (i.e., China, Korea, Indonesia, etc.)	22	33.8
Study design
Cross-sectional	47	92.2
Longitudinal	4	7.8
Behavioral outcome measures
Hand hygiene	24	47.1
Facemask wearing	22	43.1
Physical distancing	39	76.5
RANAS-based psychosocial constructs
Risk factor block	44	86.3
Knowledge	20	45.5
Perceived severity	22	50.0
Perceived susceptibility	25	56.8
Overall risk perception/awareness/threat	7	15.9
Attitudinal factor block	26	51.0
Pros (e.g., perceived effectiveness, benefits)	23	88.5
Cons (e.g., perceived barriers)	5	19.2
Overall (pros + cons)	3	11.5
Normative factor block	14	26.9
Perceived norms	14	26.9
Others (e.g., moral)	1	1.9
Ability factor block	21	41.2
Perceived control	8	38.1
Self-efficacy	15	71.4
Health literacy (actional knowledge)	1	4.8
Self-regulation factor block	2	3.8
Action planning	2	3.8
Coping planning	2	3.8
Action control	1	1.9
Theoretical backdrop reported
Not reported	12	23.5
Reported (e.g., HBM, TPB, KAP, PMT)	39	76.5
Study quality
High	8	15.7
Good	26	51.0
Moderate	17	33.3
Poor	0	0

HBM health belief model; TPB theory of planned behavior; KAP knowledge, attitude, and practice framework; PMT protection motivation theory.