Table 3.
Associations between partner-related autonomy constraints and MNH continuum of care outcomes (n = 1886), weighted.
| Complete ANC | Facility delivery | PNC by six-weeks postpartum | Infant immunizationa | Entire continuum of carea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RC | |||||
| No (%) | 43.7 | 56.2 | 50.2 | 41.2 | 18.1 |
| Yes (%) | 39.2 | 48.0 | 47.5 | 29.0 ∗∗ | 12.1 |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.40) | 0.58 (0.37, 0.91) ∗ | 0.63 (0.37, 1.06) |
| aOR (95% CI)b | 0.89 (0.62, 1.27) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.48) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.84) ∗∗ | 0.66 (0.39, 1.14) |
| IPV during pregnancy | |||||
| No (%) | 43.9 | 57.5 | 50.3 | 40.9 | 18.0 |
| Yes (%) | 37.9 | 39.6 ∗∗ | 46.7 | 33.0 | 13.3 |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.78 (0.48, 1.26) | 0.48 (0.31, 0.76) ∗∗ | 0.87 (0.54, 1.38) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.12) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.35) |
| aOR (95% CI)b | 0.82 (0.51, 1.33) | 0.50 (0.32, 0.78) ∗∗ | 0.96 (0.60, 1.56) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.43, 1.53) |
| Lack of partner encouragement of ANC | |||||
| No (%) | 50.0 | 62.4 | 56.4 | 44.4 | 20.8 |
| Yes (%) | 19.8 ∗∗∗ | 30.9 ∗∗∗ | 27.7 ∗∗∗ | 23.9 ∗∗∗ | 5.6 ∗∗∗ |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.25 (0.17, 0.35) ∗∗∗ | 0.27 (0.19, 0.38) ∗∗∗ | 0.30 (0.21, 0.43) ∗∗∗ | 0.39 (0.28, 0.55) ∗∗∗ | 0.22 (0.12, 0.41) ∗∗∗ |
| aOR (95% CI)b | 0.35 (0.25, 0.50) ∗∗∗ | 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) ∗∗∗ | 0.42 (0.29, 0.60) ∗∗∗ | 0.50 (0.34, 0.74) ∗∗ | 0.45 (0.24, 0.82) ∗ |
| Lack of partner encouragement of PNC | |||||
| No (%) | 50.9 | 63.9 | 58.0 | 45.3 | 21.5 |
| Yes (%) | 14.9 ∗∗∗ | 24.1 ∗∗∗ | 20.4 ∗∗∗ | 19.4∗∗∗ | 2.1 ∗∗∗ |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.25) ∗∗∗ | 0.18 (0.13, 0.26) ∗∗∗ | 0.19 (0.12, 0.28) ∗∗∗ | 0.29 (0.20, 0.43) ∗∗∗ | 0.08 (0.04, 0.18) ∗∗∗ |
| aOR (95% CI)b | 0.24 (0.16, 0.36) ∗∗∗ | 0.25 (0.17, 0.37) ∗∗∗ | 0.26 (0.17, 0.39) ∗∗∗ | 0.41 (0.27, 0.62) ∗∗∗ | 0.16 (0.07, 0.35) ∗∗∗ |
| Combined lack of partner encouragement | |||||
| Encouragement of Both ANC and PNC (%) | 54.0 | 66.6 | 60.3 | 46.9 | 23.3 |
| Lack of Encouragement of ANC or PNC (%) | 25.7 | 39.5 | 35.3 | 29.9 | 5.6 |
| Lack of Encouragement of ANC and PNC (%) | 10.9 ∗∗∗ | 18.3∗∗∗ | 15.4 ∗∗∗ | 15.1 ∗∗∗ | 2.6 ∗∗∗ |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.19 |
| i. Lack of Encouragement of ANC or PNC | (0.21, 0.41) ∗∗∗ | (0.23, 0.47) ∗∗∗ | (0.25, 0.52) ∗∗∗ | (0.34, 0.69) ∗∗∗ | (0.10, 0.36) ∗∗∗ |
| i. Lack of Encouragement of ANC and PNC | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) ∗∗∗ | 0.11 (0.07, 0.18) ∗∗∗ | 0.12 (0.07, 0.20) ∗∗∗ | 0.20 (0.12, 0.33) ∗∗∗ | 0.09 (0.03, 0.22) ∗∗∗ |
| aOR (95% CI)b | |||||
| i. Lack of Encouragement of ANC or PNC | 0.37(0.27, 0.52) ∗∗∗ | 0.46(0.31, 0.69) ∗∗∗ | 0.46(0.32, 0.66) ∗∗∗ | 0.53(0.35, 0.80)∗∗ | 0.30(0.16, 0.57) ∗∗ |
| i. Lack of Encouragement of ANC and PNC | 0.16 (0.09, 0.29) ∗∗∗ | 0.19 (0.12, 0.30) ∗∗∗ | 0.18 (0.11, 0.30) ∗∗∗ | 0.30 (0.17, 0.54) ∗∗∗ | 0.23 (0.09, 0.59) ∗∗ |
OR/aOR from svy: logistic regression model.
p-value ∗<0.05; ∗∗<0.01; ∗∗∗<0.001; bold indicates p < 0.05.
RC = reproductive coercion; IPV = intimate partner violence; ANC = antenatal care; PNC = postnatal care.
a
Among women with infants still living at six-week interview (n = 1824).
b
Adjusted for urban/rural residence, parity, education.