Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics and Study Group Comparisons Across Outcomes Assessed in Studies 1 to 3.
| Study 1 (n = 439) |
Study 2 (n = 172) |
Study 3 (n = 43) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M | SD | Minimum–maximum | ≥Cutoffa | M | SD | Minimum–maximum | ≥Cutoffa | M | SD | Minimum–maximum | ≥Cutoffa | F- or t-statistics |
| Age | 11.42 | 1.44 | 8.25–14.00 | — | 17.05 | 1.97 | 12.00–19.00 | — | 13.11 | 2.62 | 8.19–17.74 | — | F(2, 650) = 684.35, adjusted p < .001 |
| Emotion Regulation Difficulties (M-DERS) | — | — | — | — | 70.05 | 22.80 | 29.00–128.00 | — | 55.54 | 23.37 | 29.00–129.00 | — | t = 3.62, p < .001 |
| Emotion Regulation (ERC) | 74.78 | 11.32 | 37.00–96.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Emotion Regulation (ERICA) | 55.79 | 9.29 | 25.00–80.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| PTSD symptoms | 21.12 | 16.53 | 0.00–71.00 | 26.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Anxiety total score | 27.67 | 16.60 | 0.00–74.00 | 53.4 | 27.98 | 15.23 | 1.00–67.00 | 56.4 | 23.60 | 15.09 | 0.00–62.00 | 39.5 | F(2, 628) = 1.34, adjusted p = .390 |
| Depressionb | 11.13 | 8.72 | 0.00–48.00 | 15.7 | 8.14 | 4.88 | 0.00–22.00 | 28.8 | 10.21 | 9.90 | 0.00–50.81 | 11.4 | F(2, 634) = 0.24, adjusted p = .795 |
| IQ | 98.14 | 17.24 | 40.00–147.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Global regulation index | 104.91 | 27.01 | 60.00–179.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Note. M-DERS = Modified Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; ERC = Emotion Regulation Checklist; ERICA = Emotion Regulation Index for Children and Adolescents; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; MANOVA = multivariate analysis of variance.
Percentage (%) equal to or above the cutoff indicating levels of clinical relevance of anxiety and depression. For PTSD, the % of PTSD diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; APA, 2013) is presented.
Depression was assessed via the Children’s Depression Inventory in Studies 1 and 3, and via the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology in Study 2. For the comparison of depression across Studies 1 to 3, z scores were used. MANOVA: F(6, 1238) = 109.03, p < .001. Descriptive statistics for anxiety in the full combined sample were as follows: M = 26.68, SD = 16.17, minimum–maximum = 0.00–74.00, percentage ≥cutoff = 50.9.