Table 1.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with malaria prevalence among febrile patients attending selected health centres
| Variables | Malaria status | Total (%) | COR (95% Cl) |
P-value | AOR | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive cases (%) | Negative cases (%) | ||||||
| Socio-demographic variables | |||||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 95 (29) | 233 (71) | 328 (61.8) | 1.89 (1.23–2.91) | 0.004* | 57.5 (1.75–1888.3) | 0.023* |
| Female | 36 (17.7) | 167 (82.3) | 203 (38.2) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Age in years | |||||||
| < 5 | 6 (20.7) | 23 (79.3) | 29 (5.5) | 1.13 (0.39–3.26) | 0.821 | – | – |
| 5–19 | 50 (28.9) | 123 (71.1) | 173 (32.6) | 1.76 (0.92–3.74) | 0.088 | – | – |
| 20–44 | 60 (24.1) | 189 (75.9) | 249 (46.9) | 1.38 (0.73–2.5) | 0.323 | – | – |
| > 44 | 15 (19) | 65 (81) | 80 (15.1) | 1 | – | – | –- |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 65 (25.9) | 186 (74.1) | 251 (47.3) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Married | 63 (23.7) | 203 (76.3) | 266 (50) | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | 0.560 | – | – |
| Divorced | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 9 (1.7) | 0.36 (0.04–2.92) | 0.337 | – | – |
| Widowed | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 5 (1) | 1.91(0.31–11.67) | 0.485 | – | – |
| Residence | |||||||
| Town | 19 (15) | 108 (85) | 127 (23.9) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Rural | 112 (27.7) | 292 (72.3) | 404 (76.1) | 2.18 (1.28–3.72) | 0.004* | – | – |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Government | 7 (18.9) | 30 (81.1) | 37 (7) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Private | 8 (27.6) | 21 (72.4) | 29 (5.5) | 1.63 (0.51–5.19) | 0.407 | – | – |
| Merchant | 3 (14.3) | 18 (85.7) | 21 (4) | 0.71 (0.16–3.12) | 0.654 | – | – |
| Labourer | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | 11 (2.1) | 0.95 (0.17–5.42) | 0.956 | –- | – |
| Farmer | 55 (27.4) | 146 (72.6) | 201 (37.8) | 1.61 (0.67–3.89) | 0.286 | – | – |
| Student | 42 (25.9) | 120 (74.1) | 162 (30.5) | 1.50 (0.61–3.67) | 0.374 | – | – |
| Housewife | 14 (20) | 56 (80) | 70 (13.2) | 1.07 (0.39–2.94) | 0.893 | – | – |
| Educational level | |||||||
| College and above | 8 (17) | 39 (83) | 47 (8.8) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Secondary (9–12) | 13 (21.7) | 47 (78.3) | 60 (11.3) | 1.35 (0.51–3.58 | 0.549 | – | – |
| Elementary (1–8) | 42 (27.3) | 112 (72.7) | 154 (29) | 1.83 (0.79–4.23) | 0.159 | 0.00 (0.00–0.35) | 0.025* |
| Pre-school(Kg1-3) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | 4 (0.7) | 1.62(0.15–17.69) | 0.690 | – | – |
| Read and write | 19 (22.3) | 66 (77.7) | 85 (16) | 1.40 (0.56–3.51) | 0.468 | – | – |
| Illiterate | 48 (26.5) | 133 (73.5) | 181 (34.1) | 1.76 (0.77–4.03) | 0.182 | – | – |
| Family monthly income (ETB) | |||||||
| < 2280 | 17 (15) | 96 (85) | 113 (21.3) | 0.38 (0.30–1.54) | 0.353 | – | – |
| 2280–3040 | 74 (27.8) | 192 (72.2) | 266 (50.1) | 1.48 (0.74–2.94) | 0.267 | – | – |
| 3040–4560 | 28 (29.8) | 66 (70.2) | 94 (17.7) | 1.63 (0.75–3.57) | 0.218 | – | – |
| > 4560 | 12 (20.7) | 46 (79.3) | 58 (10.9) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Name of health centres | |||||||
| Health centres | |||||||
| Kunzila | 7 (10.4) | 60 (89.6) | 67 (12.6) | 0.35 (0.13–0.92) | 0.033* | – | – |
| Dek | 9 (13.6) | 57 (86.4) | 66 (12.4) | 0.47 (0.19–1.17) | 0.105 | – | – |
| Zegie | 12 (17.6) | 56 (82.4) | 68 (12.8) | 0.64 (0.28–1.49) | 0.304 | – | – |
| Shum Abo | 10 (14.4) | 58 (85.3) | 68 (12.8) | 0.52 (0.21–1.24) | 0.141 | – | – |
| Robit | 23 (34.8) | 43 (65.2) | 66 (12.4) | 1.61 (0.75–3.43) | 0.222 | – | – |
| Kidiste Hana | 34 (51.5) | 32 (48.5) | 66 (12.4) | 3.19 (1.52–6.71 | 0.002* | – | – |
| Gorgora | 20 (30.3) | 46 (69.7) | 66 (12.4) | 1.30 (0.60–2.82) | 0.500 | – | – |
| Wusha Tirs | 16 (25) | 48 (75) | 64 (12.1) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Months of the study | |||||||
| Months | |||||||
| March | 7 (14) | 43 (86) | 50 (9.4) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| November | 17 (30.3) | 39 (69.7) | 56 (10.5) | 2.68 (1.00–7.14) | 0.049* | – | – |
| December | 14 (27.4) | 37 (72.6) | 51 (9.6) | 2.32 (0.85–6.37) | 0.101 | – | – |
| January | 11 (20.4) | 43 (89.6) | 54 (10.2) | 1.57 (0.56–4.44) | 0.393 | – | – |
| February | 7 (14.3) | 42 (85.7) | 49 (9.2) | 1.02 (0.33–3.17) | 0.967 | – | – |
| October | 21 (37.5) | 35 (62.5) | 56 (10.5) | 3.69 (1.41–9.67) | 0.008* | 104.4 (1.35–8096.7) | 0.036* |
| April | 9 (18.4) | 40 (81.6) | 49 (9.2) | 1.38 (0.47–4.06) | 0.556 | – | – |
| May | 15 (27.8) | 39 (72.2) | 54 (10.2) | 2.36 (0.87–6.40) | 0.091 | – | – |
| June | 17 (30.3) | 39 (69.7) | 56 (10.5) | 2.68 (1.00–7.14) | 0.049* | – | – |
| July | 13 (23.2) | 43 (76.8) | 56 (10.5) | 1.86 (0.67–5.11) | 0.230 | – | – |
| House conditions | |||||||
| House roof type | |||||||
| Thatched | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 3 (0.6) | 1.53(0.14–17.02) | 0.729 | – | – |
| Corrugated iron | 130 (24.6) | 398 (75.4) | 528 (99.4) | 1 | – | – | – |
| House wall types | |||||||
| Mud plastered | 128 (25.1) | 382 (74.9) | 510 (96) | 2.01 (0.44–9.10) | 0.365 | – | – |
| Stone wall | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 7 (1.3) | 1.00(0.08–13.37) | 1.000 | – | – |
| Brick wall | 2 (14.3) | 12 (85.7) | 14 (2.6) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Eave opening | |||||||
| Yes | 104 (42.1) | 143 (57.9) | 247 (46.5) | 6.92(4.33–11.08) | 0.000* | 100.4 (5.35–1884.0) | 0.002* |
| No | 27 (9.5) | 257 (90.5) | 284 (53.5) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Wall opening | |||||||
| Yes | 69 (27.7) | 180 (72.3) | 249 (46.9) | 1.36 (0.92–2.02) | 0.127 | 19.5 (1.13–339.5) | 0.041* |
| No | 62 (22) | 220 (78) | 282 (53.1) | 1 | –- | 1 | – |
| Malaria prevention practices and behavior | |||||||
| Use of bed net in home | |||||||
| Yes | 43 (33.1) | 87 (66.9) | 130 (24.5) | 1 | – | – | – |
| No | 88 (21.9) | 313 (78.1) | 401 (75.5) | 3.22 (2.08–4.98) | 0.000* | – | – |
| Types of bed net | |||||||
| Impregnated | 37 (21) | 139 (79) | 176 (33.1) | 1 | – | – | – |
| None | 31 (29.8) | 73 (71.1) | 104 (19.6) | 1.32 (0.63–2.77) | 0.458 | – | – |
| Family members who use bed net | |||||||
| Whole family | 13 (7.5) | 161 (92.5) | 174 (32.8) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Few | 55 (51.9) | 51 (48.1) | 106 (20) | 14.64(5.74–37.3) | 0.000* | 489.2 (11.31–21167.5) | 0.001* |
| Chemical Spray | |||||||
| Yes | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 9 (1.7) | 1 | – | – | – |
| No | 128 (24.5) | 394 (75.5) | 522 (98.3) | 0.65 (0.16–2.63) | 0.546 | – | – |
| Outdoor Sleeping | |||||||
| Yes | 43 (33.1) | 87 (66.9) | 130 (24.5) | 1.76 (1.14–2.72) | 0.011* | – | – |
| No | 88 (21.9) | 313 (78.1) | 401 (75.5) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Outdoor activities | |||||||
| Yes | 82 (28.9) | 202 (71.1) | 284 (53.5) | 1.64 (1.09–2.46) | 0.016* | – | – |
| No | 49 (19.8) | 198 (80.2) | 247 (45.9) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Cattle in the house | |||||||
| Yes | 63 (34.4) | 120 (65.6) | 183 (34.5) | 2.16 (1.44–3.24) | 0.000* | 48.0 (1.42–1624.7) | 0.031* |
| No | 68 (19.5) | 280 (80.5) | 348 (65.5) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Mosquito breeding site distance from the house | |||||||
| Breeding area distance | |||||||
| < 1 km | 63 (42.3) | 86 (57.7) | 149 (28.1) | 6.19 (3.44–11.12) | 0.000* | 222.9 (2.35–21106.3) | 0.020* |
| 1–2 km | 50 (23.6) | 162 (76.4) | 212 (39.9) | 2.61 (1.46–4.67) | 0.001* | 1 | – |
| > 2 km | 18 (10.6) | 152 (89.4) | 170 (32) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Previous malaria infection and diagnostic methods | |||||||
| Previous infection | |||||||
| Yes | 41(27.1) | 110 (72.9) | 151 (28.4) | 1.20 (0.78–1.85) | 0.403 | – | – |
| No | 90 (23.7) | 290 (76.3) | 380 (71.6) | 1 | – | – | – |
* Significant association