Fig. 1.

Memory testing results from each patient in the form of forgetting scores, computed as the percent change from the presleep test to the postsleep test. Positive values reflect reduced accuracy after sleep whereas negative values reflect improvement. Forgetting was observed for uncued objects, as might be expected simply due to the time that elapsed, in that locations were recalled less accurately after sleep. On the other hand, every patient did relatively better for cued objects, and three patients showed an increase in accuracy for cued objects. Thus, the overnight presentation of sounds associated with a subset of the learned objects produced a relative improvement in recall in all five patients.