Rheological characterization, degradation, and release profile of various hydrogels. Rheological properties of (a) P, (b) PA, and (c) PALD hydrogels. (d) Degradation time of various hydrogels. (e) EV release profiles of PAE and PALDE hydrogels. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05. P, pluronic; PA, pluronic–alginate; PALD, pluronic–alginate–lysine–dextran; PAE, pluronic–alginate loaded with extracellular vesicles (EVs); PALDE, pluronic–alginate–lysine–dextran loaded with EVs.