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. 2022 Nov 5;12:18771. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23404-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a, b) TEM images of composites including GFC (a) and GFA (b) composites. The TEM images show that the 2D flakes have been decorated with metallic NPs. Fast Fourier transform in (b) (the top left inset) shows the graphene crystal in GFA composite. The bottom left image in (b) also exhibits that the sheets have four layers, confirming an ultrathin morphology of graphene. (c)The FESEM and (d) HRTEM images of the GFC composite. (e) The SEM and (f) HRTEM images of the GFA composite. The SEM/FESEM images confirm the TEM results. The graphene (Gr), Ag, Cu, Fe, and Fe₃O₄ crystals could be clearly determined in the HRTEM images. (g, h) XRD patterns of composites, including GFC (g) and GFA (h) composites. All two plots illustrate metal and metal oxide phases which had been confirmed by HRTEM results.