Figure 1.

Sequence of events in the task. Each trial comprised two phases: preparation and production. In the preparation phase, the participant observed and listened to the predicate portion (Camera is). In the production phase, the subject (This) my father was presented. Two conditions were prepared in this phase: when an empty line was shown, the participant was required to utter a particle (Grammar condition). In this particular case, no (the possessive case) was the correct answer. When a Japanese letter was presented with an empty line, the participant was required to read out the letter (Letter condition). Activities during the task were modelled with boxcar functions for each phase, except for the rest condition. The English phrases in the figure is for explanatory purposes, and were not presented during the experiment.