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. 2022 Nov 5;12:18746. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23465-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of nano-CeO₂(+) (A) and nano-CeO₂(−) (B) on viral plaque forming activity (log PFU/ml). Enveloped mammalian viruses and bacteriophages are shown with open symbols; closed symbols represent non-enveloped mammalian viruses and bacteriophages. The differences in initial viral titers are caused by different viral yields in laboratory conditions. *p < 0.05.