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. 2022 Nov 5;12:18746. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23465-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Antiviral activity of all tested nanoparticles and chemical compounds expressed in µM concentrations to enable comparison. Please note that antiviral activity is expressed as reduction of infectious viral titer, logPFU per ml compared to unexposed control after 1 h. The data of nano-CeO₂ are transferred from Fig. 3. (A) coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; (B) transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV; (C) influenza virus A/WSN/1933; (D) picornavirus EMCV; (E) bacteriophage ф6; (F) bacteriophage MS2. Closed symbols in (D,F) represent non-enveloped viruses. The results of three independent experiments with standard deviation are shown. Note the logarithmic scale of y-axis. Horizontal dark red dashed line shows the limit of quantification of PFU reduction.