Table 2.

Characteristics of viruses used in antiviral assays.

Virus	Characteristics	Nanoparticle or compound*	Purpose	Concentration range tested
Influenza A/WSN/1933	Enveloped virus, family Orthomyxoviridae, seasonally important to cause flu in Northern hemisphere	Nano-CeO2(+)	Proposed antiviral compound	0.002–2000 μg Ce/ml**
SARS-CoV-2	Enveloped virus, family Coronaviridae, causes COVID-19	Nano-CeO2(−)	Proposed antiviral compound	0.002–2000 μg Ce/ml**
TGEV	Enveloped virus, family Coronaviridae, transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs	Ce(NO3)3	Control for Ce(III) ion effects	0.002–2000 μg Ce/ml**
EMCV	Non-enveloped virus, family Picornaviridae causative agent for neurological disorders	Nano-Ag	Nanoparticle with previously demonstrated antiviral activity	0.0015–1500 μg Ag/ml**
Ф6	Enveloped bacteriophage of Pseudomonas sp.	Nano-SiO2	Proposed inert nanoparticle	0.0004–400 μg Si/ml**
MS2	Non-enveloped bacteriophage of Escherichia coli

Right side of the table shows characteristics and concentrations of nanoparticles and chemical compounds used in antiviral assays with every virus listed in the left side of the table.

*All the compounds were tested with all the viruses.

**All the tested nanoparticles and chemicals were in the range of 0.014–14,000 μM.