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. 2022 Nov 5;12:18811. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21984-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visualization of drug class frequency count and prediction strength ranking of all predicted anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. The predicted drug MOAs summary and ranking are useful tools to generate insights into the biological pathways important to SARS-CoV-2 infected host cells. The top list of most reoccurring MOAs and rankings of predicted compounds consisted of immune type (IKK inhibitor), anti-cancer type (mTOR and MEK inhibitor), and unfolded protein response/UPR type (proteasome inhibitor, HSP inhibitor). We postulate that the anti-cancer and UPR compounds may be linked to the host cell responses to rapid viral replication while the immune type compounds reflect the antiviral inflammatory responses generated by the host cells.