Table 2.
Study Characteristics
| First Author, Year | Depression Status | Setting | N | Antidepressant Medication | Sample Age, Mean (Range) | Comorbid Anxiety |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aarts, 2013 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 40 | on | C = 38.9, D = 36.9 | yes |
| Aizenstein, 2009 | MDD | research center | 23 | off | C = 68.8, D = 69.1 | yes |
| Alexopoulos, 2015 | MDD | community | 83 | off | C = 72.8 (60+), D = 72.2 (60+) | yes |
| Andersson, 2010 | RBD | community | 70 | off | C = 34.2, D = 33.8 | yes |
| Baudic, 2004 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 40 | off | C = 73.6 (61–85), D = 71.8 (59–93) | NR |
| Baune, 2006 | CES-D ≥ 16 | outpatient clinic | 364 | on | C = 72.4 (65+), D = 73.7 (65+) | NR |
| Bobb, 2012 | MDD | community | 28 | off | C = 62.0 (55–85), D = 60.7 (55–85) | yes |
| Boone, 1995 | MDD, mild | community | 147 | off | C = 63.1 (45+), D = 60.5 (45+) | NR |
| MDD, moderate | community | 146 | off | C = 63.1 (45+), D = 62.2 (45+) | NR | |
| Boyle, 2010 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 378 | NR | C = 75.3 (65–95), D = 72.9 (65–88) | NR |
| minor depression | outpatient clinic | 382 | NR | C = 75.3 (65–95), D = 75.9 (65–94) | NR | |
| Bredemeier, 2016 | MDD | community | 162 | NR | 19.7 (18–26) | yes |
| Brevik, 2013 | subthreshold | community | 125 | NR | 60.0 (46–79) | no |
| Brewster, 2017 | subthreshold | community | 885 | NR | 73.5 (60+) | NR |
| Brooks, 2010 | MDD, NOS | community | 60 | on | C = 14.6 (9–17), D = 14.6 (9–17) | NR |
| Bunce, 2008 | subthreshold | community | 300 | off | 50.33 (18–85) | NR |
| Butters, 2004 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 140 | on | C = 69.9 (60+), D = 70.8 (60+) | NR |
| Channon, 1996 | BDI >11 | college | 56 | NR | C = 21.0, D = 22.3 | NR |
| Channon, 1999 | MDD | community | 22 | on | C = 41.2, D = 41.3 | NR |
| Charlton, 2014 | MDD | community | 46 | off | C = 66.3 (60–81), D = 65.7 (60–88) | no |
| Clawson, 2013 | MDD | community | 110 | on | C = 21.2, D = 22.0 | yes |
| Constant, 2005 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 46 | off | C = 48.85 (21–69), D = 47.65 (21–74) | no |
| Egger, 2008 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 34 | NR | C = 72.3 (60–84), D = 71.4 (61–86) | NR |
| Elderkin-Thompson, 2006 | MDD | community | 134 | off | C = 71.5 (60+), D = 69.2 (60+) | NR |
| minor depression | community | 103 | off | C = 71.5 (60+), D = 71.6 (60+) | NR | |
| Favre, 2008 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 63 | off | C = 13.1 (9–17), D = 12.7 (8–17) | yes |
| Franz, 2011 | subthreshold (CES-D) | Vietnam Era Twin Registry | 1237 | NR | 55.4 (51–60) | possiblea |
| Godard, 2011 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 46 | on | D = 49.5 (18–65); C = matched | yes |
| Grant, 2001 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 159 | off | C = 40.2, D = 39.0 | yes |
| Gualtieri, 2006 | MDD, medicated | outpatient clinic | 107 | off | C = 41.3, D = 38.1 | NR |
| MDD, unmedicated | outpatient clinic | 100 | off | C = 41.3, D = 43.5 | NR | |
| Halari, 2009 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 42 | off | D = 16.3 (14–17), C = matched | no |
| Halvorsen, 2012 | MDD | community and outpatient clinic | 87 | on | C = 38.1, D = 37.5 | NR |
| Han, 2016 | subthreshold (DISC-IV mother) | community | 220 | NR | 13.67 (11–16) | yes |
| Harper, 2016 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 18 | off | C = 74.1 (69–84), D = 68.3 (56–82) | NR |
| Hermens, 2010 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 37 | on | C = 22.0, D = 21.1 | NR |
| Hill, 2013 | mixed | outpatient clinic | 89 | NR | 11.0 (7–16) | yes |
| Holmes, 2008 | MDD | community | 40 | off | C = 28.8 (18–55), D = 30.6 (18–55) | yes |
| Jungwirth, 2011 | MDD, minor depression, subthreshold | community (VITA Study) | 287 | on | C = 75.8, D = 75.8) | NR |
| Katz, 2010 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 22 | on | C = 73.1, D = 73.4 | NR |
| Kaymak, 2010 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 35 | off | C = 29.3, D = 32.0 | no |
| Kikuchi, 2012 | MDD | community | 59 | on | C = 30.8 (18–65), D = 36.2 (18–65) | yes |
| Kindermann, 2000 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 45 | NR | C = 71.2 (60–82), D = 73.4 (60–82) | NR |
| Klojcnik, 2017 | subthreshold (BDI-II) | retirement community | 71 | NR | 78.9 (69–85) | NR |
| Koenig, 2015 | MDD | community | 238 | NR | C = 71.43, D = 71.23 | NR |
| Krompinger, 2011 | subthreshold (top and bottom 10% BDI-II) | college | 41 | NR | NR (undergraduates) | NR |
| Ladouceur, 2012 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 38 | off | 13.1 (7–11), D = 13.8 (7–11) | yes |
| Langanecker, 2005 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 41 | on | C = 29.5, D = 32.2 | NR |
| Lyche, 2011 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 128 | onb | C = 35.7, D = 44.2 | no |
| Maalouf, 2011 | MDD | community | 37 | on | C = 15.2, D = 15.3 | yes |
| Mackin, 2009 | MDD | unsure | 97 | off | C = 70.1 (65+), D = 70.1 (65+) | NR |
| Naismith, 2006 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 42 | on | C = 50.8 (25–69), D = 53.9 (25-77) | NR |
| Oral, 2012 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 79 | off | C = 27.2, D = 26.3 | NR |
| Pantzar, 2014 | MDD, mild | community | 2445 | off | C = 72.6, D = 78.6 | no |
| MDD, moderate-severe | community | 2438 | off | C = 72.6, D = 75.9 | no | |
| Pantzar, 2017 | MDD | community | 138 | on | C = 72.0, D = 71.8 | NR |
| Philippot, 2017 | subthreshold (GDS) | elderly homes, outpatient clinic | 43 | NR | 83.2 (75–95) | NR |
| Pizzagalli, 2006 | BDI 6 or less and 18+ | community, college | 34 | NR | 18–22 | NR |
| Porter, 2003 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 88 | off | 32.3 (18–55), 32.9 (19–61) | NR |
| Purcell, 1998 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 50 | on | C = 40.8 (18–65), D = 37.5 (18–65) | no |
| Quinn, 2012 | MDD | community | 168 | off | C = 39.22, D = 38.08 | yes |
| Rainer, 2006 | MDD, minor depression | community (VITA Study) | 280 | on | C = 75.8 (75–76), D = 75.8 (75–76) | NR |
| Rajtar-Zembaty, 2017 | MDD | NR | 187 | on | C = 66.8 (60–83), D = 68.1 (60–83) | NR |
| Rizk, 2017 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 45 | off | C = 32.8 (22–62), D = 34.7 (18–64) | yes |
| Royall, 2012 | subthreshold (GDS) | retirement community | 547 | NR | 77.9 (60–100) | NR |
| Salvat-Pujol, 2017 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 150 | on | C = 56.6, D = 57.9 | no |
| Sanders, 2006 | MDD, minor depression | outpatient clinic | 361 | NR | C = 74.7 (65–94), D = 74.6 (67–86) | NR |
| Schmid, 2013 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 60 | on | C = 26.2, D = 26.2 | yes |
| Shehab, 2016 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 48 | on | C = 14.3 (12–18), D = 14.8 (12–18) | yes |
| Sheline, 2006 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 155 | on | 68.7 | no |
| Shimada, 2014 | subthreshold depression | community | 4265 | NR | C = 71.5 (65–97), D = 73.2 (65–97) | NR |
| ≥ 6 GDS-15 | community | 3782 | NR | C = 71.5 (65–97), D = 71.1 (65–97) | NR | |
| Siegle, 2004 | MDD | NR | 51 | off | C = 31.1 (21–50), D = 40.3 (19–55) | NR |
| Tanaka, 2012 | ≥ 6 GDS-15 | NR | 35 | NR | C = 73.4 (65+), D = 72.9 (65+ | NR |
| Taylor Tavares, 2007 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 47 | off | C = 34.8 (18–59), D = 38.6 (18–59) | yes |
| Tu, 2012 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 72 | on | C = 41.8, D = 41.6 | yes |
| Uemura, 2014 | ≥ 6 GDS-15 | NR | 80 | off | C = 73.8 (65–86), D = 74.5 (68–84) | NR |
| Vergara-Lopez, 2013 | subthreshold (YSR) | community | 373 | NR | 13.1 (12–14) | NR |
| Wagner, 2015 | mixed (MDD, dysthymia, minor depression) | grade school | 486 | NR | 12.8 (12–13) | NR |
| Wingo, 2013 | subthreshold (BDI-II) | college | 77 | NR | 19.01 | NR |
| Zhang, 2007 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 39 | on | D = 68.7 (60+) C = matched | NR |
| Zhang, 2016 | MDD | outpatient clinic | 36 | on | C = 68.1, D = 70.8 | yes |
Note. MDD = major depressive disorder, C = control group, D = depressed group, RBD = recurrent brief depression, CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, NR = not reported, NOS = depressive disorder not otherwise specified, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, DISC-IV = Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Kids, Version Four, GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale, YSR = Youth Self Report
a
Comorbid psychological disorders were not excluded, but the authors did not specifically report anxiety disorders
b
On medications except for the day of testing