Table 1. Summary table of included orthopaedic articles regarding music-based interventions, sorted alphabetically.
1Not all outcome methods from every study are reported. 2Article is not primarily orthopaedic literature, although it had findings that can inform about the application of MBI in orthopaedics. AHTPS: Alder-Hey Triage Pain Score; NS: nonsignificant; NRS: numeric rating scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Exam; OSBD-r: Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; RCT: randomized controlled trial; VAS: visual analogue scale; TKA: total knee arthroplasty; postop: postoperative.
| Author, year, journal | Orthopaedic subspecialty | Type of study, n, procedure, arms | Selected psychological outcome data | Selected physiological outcome data | Selected pain outcome data | Other outcomes |
| Main methods of assessment (p value)1 | ||||||
| Allred et al., 2010, Pain Manag Nurs [16] | Adult reconstruction | RCT, n=56 patients aged 46-84 years, receiving total knee arthroplasties, 2 arms: music listening sessions before and after the first ambulation vs control (20-minute quiet rest period) | VAS for anxiety (0.206) | Mean arterial pressure (0.000), heart rate (NS), respiratory rate (NS), oxygen saturation (NS) | VAS for pain (0.337), McGill pain questionnaire (not provided) | Administration of opioids (0.388) |
| Çetinkaya, 2019, J Perianesth Nurs [17] | Adult reconstruction | RCT, n=60 patients aged 65 years or older, undergoing total hip arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty, 2 arms: music for three postoperative days vs control (no music) | Did not assess | Did not assess | Did not assess | MMSE (0.069) Neelon and Champagne Confusion Scale (0.000) |
| Ferraz et al., 2021, Eur J Pain [18] | Trauma | RCT, n=70 patients aged 18-60 years, with open diaphyseal tibial fracture undergoing wound care, 2 arms: music listening and standard analgesia vs control (standard analgesia only) | Did not assess | Did not assess | Pain NRS (<0.001) | Did not assess |
| Gallagher et al., 2018, Orthop Nurs [19] | Adult reconstruction shoulder/elbow | RCT, n=163 patients over 18 years of age, various joint replacement surgeries, 2 arms: visit by music therapist vs control (regular orthopaedic therapy) | Anxiety NRS (0.005), Rogers Faces Assessment Tool (<0. 001) | Nausea NRS (0.99) | Pain NRS (<0.001) | Did not assess |
| Kukreja et al., 2020, Cureus [20] | Adult reconstruction | RCT, n=57 patients over 18 years of age, undergoing total knee arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia, 2 arms: music during TKA vs control (no music) | STAI State Postoperative (0.094), STAI Trait Postoperative (0.011) | Did not assess | Did not assess | Propofol dose (0.264), patient satisfaction (0.009) |
| Kwon et al., 2006, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi [21] | Trauma | Quasi-experimental, n=60 patients aged 18-60 years, with surgery for leg fracture more than two weeks prior to therapy, 2 arms: music listening sessions vs control (standard care) | Levels of depression (0.558) | Systolic blood pressure (0.003), diastolic blood pressure (0.001), HR (0.000), respiration rate (0.000) | Pain questionnaire (0.000) | Discomfort level within- subjects over time (0.000) |
| Laframboise-Otto et al., 2021, Pain Manag Nurs [22] | Adult reconstruction | RCT, n=47 patients aged 18-90 years, undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty, 2 arms: music listening sessions postoperatively vs control (standard care) | Did not assess | Did not assess | Pain NRS at different time points: day of surgery (0.02), postop morning (0.04), postop noon (0.01), postop evening (0.21), postop day 2 (0.08, 0.31, 0.18), discharge day 1 and day 2 (significant at all time points) | Opioid analgesics (NS), nonopioid analgesics (NS) |
| Lin et al., 2011, J Clin Nurs [23] | Spine | Quasi-experimental, n=60 mean age 62.2 years, undergoing spine surgery; 2 arms: music listening sessions vs control (quiet environment) | STAI (0.074 to 0.286 at different time points), VAS for anxiety (<0.001 to 0.018 at different time points) | Heart rate (NS), systolic blood pressure (0.007 at 1 time point), diastolic blood pressure (NS), mean blood pressure (0.014 at 1 time point), 24-hour cortisol (NS), norepinephrine (NS), epinephrine (NS) | VAS for pain (<0.001 at all time points) | Did not assess |
| Liu et al., 2007, J Pediatr Orthop [24] | Paediatrics | RCT, n=69 aged 0.5 to 10 years, undergoing cast room procedures, 2 arms: soft lullaby music played in the background during procedure vs control (no music) | Did not assess | Heart rate in the waiting room (0.001), HR during the procedure (0.05) | Did not assess | Did not assess |
| McCaffrey and Locsin, 2004, J Clin Nurs [25] | Adult reconstruction | RCT, n=66 aged 65 years and over, undergoing elective hip or knee surgery, 2 arms: access to music on a CD vs control (no CD player) | Did not assess | Did not assess | Did not assess | Number of episodes of delirium and confusion (0.001) Readiness to ambulate (0.001) |
| Schneider, 2018, J Holist Nurs [26] | General | Quasi-experimental, n=42 patients with 65 pain score logs, aged 39-84 years with various orthopaedic surgeries, 2 arms: pain before music listening vs pain after music listening in the same patient | Did not assess | Did not assess | Pain NRS (before vs after MBI) (<0.001) | Did not assess |
| Sunitha Suresh et al., 2015, Pediatr Surg Int [27] | Pediatrics2 | RCT, n=56 aged 6-18 years, undergoing various major surgical procedures, 3 arms: audiotherapy given post-procedure vs music therapy given post-procedure vs control (no intervention) | Did not assess | Did not assess | Pain burden between music and control groups (0.055) | Did not assess |
| Tolunay et al., 2018, Injury [28] | General | RCT, n=199 patients over 18 years of age, cast room procedures (intra-articular injection, fracture reduction, and cast removal), 2 arms: music during procedure vs control (no music) | STAI (0.032) | P-wave dispersion (0.225), corrected QT interval dispersion (0.031) | VAS (0.005) | Patient satisfaction (<0. 001), willingness of the patient to repeat procedure (<0. 001) |
| Townsend et al., 2021, J Hand Surg Glob Online [29] | Hand | RCT, n=50 mean age=60.8 years, undergoing wide-awake local anaesthesia no-tourniquet hand surgery; 2 arms: music and noise-cancelling headphones intraoperatively vs control (no music or headphones) | Intraoperative VAS for anxiety (0.017), postoperative VAS for anxiety (0.270) | Intraoperative systolic blood pressure change (0.422), intraoperative heart rate change (0.944) | Did not assess | Postoperative VAS for satisfaction (0.102) |
| van der Heijden et al., 2019, J Pediatr Psychol [30] | Pediatrics2 | RCT, n=191 median age=7.3 years, undergoing various emergency room procedures, 3 arms: music vs cartoon watching vs control (no intervention) | OSBD-r during the procedure (0.55) | Heart rate before and after the procedure (0.450, 0.825) | AHTPS overall (0.003), facial pain scale-revised (0.077), AHTPS during plaster of Paris placement (0.004) | Did not assess |
| Wang and Tian, 2021, Comput Math Methods Med [31] | General | Quasi-experimental, n=38 patients, with 65 logs, 2 arms: subjects before listening to music vs patients after listening to music | Did not assess | Did not assess | Pain NRS (before vs after MBI) (<0.005) | Did not assess |