Table 2. Risk bias assessment of included articles, sorted alphabetically.

Author, year, journal	Random sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Performance bias	Blinding outcome assessors	Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)	Selective reporting
Allred et al., 2010, Pain Manag Nurs [16]	Low	Low	Low	High	High	High
Çetinkaya, 2019, J Perianesth Nurs [17]	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low
Ferraz et al., 2021, Eur J Pain [18]	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	Low
Gallagher et al., 2018, Orthop Nurs [19]	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low
Kukreja et al., 2020, Cureus [20]	Low	Low	High	High	High	High
Kwon, 2006, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi [21]	High	Unclear	High	High	Low	High
Laframboise-Otto et al., 2021, Pain Manag Nurs [22]	Low	Low	High	High	Low	High
Lin, 2011, J Clin Nurs [23]	High	Unclear	Low	High	Low	Low
Liu, 2007, J Pediatr Orthop [24]	High	High	High	High	Low	Unclear
McCaffrey and Locsin, 2004, J Clin Nurs [25]	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Schneider, 2018, J Holist Nurs [26]	High	Unclear	Low	High	Low	Low
Sunitha Suresh et al., 2015, Pediatr Surg Int [27]	Unclear	High	High	Low	Low	Low
Tolunay et al., 2018, Injury [28]	Low	Low	Low	High	High	Low
Townsend, 2021, J Hand Surg Glob Online [29]	Unclear	Low	High	Low	Low	Low
van der Heijden et al., 2019, J Pediatr Psychol [30]	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low
Wang and Tian, 2021, Comput Math Methods Med [31]	High	High	High	High	High	Low