Table 2.
Summary table of the sample characteristics.
| All women | The most recent pregnancy ended up with a stillbirth | The most recent pregnancy ended up with a live birth | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of observations | 795,642 | 8968 | 786,674 | |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Wealth quintile | <0.001 | |||
| Poorest | 198,224 (24.91%) | 2418 (26.96%) | 195,806 (24.89%) | |
| Poorer | 177,470 (22.31%) | 2157 (24.05%) | 175,313 (22.29%) | |
| Middle | 158,189 (19.88%) | 1783 (19.88%) | 156,406 (19.88%) | |
| Richer | 141,576 (17.79%) | 1518 (16.93%) | 140,058 (17.80%) | |
| Richest | 120,183 (15.11%) | 1092 (12.18%) | 119,091 (15.14%) | |
| Type of residence | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 240,741 (30.26%) | 2280 (25.42%) | 238,461 (30.31%) | |
| Rural | 554,901 (69.74%) | 6688 (74.58%) | 548,213 (69.69%) | |
| Safe water | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 616,879 (77.53%) | 6765 (75.43%) | 610,114 (77.56%) | |
| No | 169,342 (21.28%) | 2165 (24.14%) | 167,177 (21.25%) | |
| Missing | 9421 (1.18%) | 38 (0.42%) | 9383 (1.19%) | |
| Improved sanitation facility | <0.001 | |||
| No | 306,618 (38.54%) | 3937 (43.90%) | 302,681 (38.48%) | |
| Yes | 484,259 (60.86%) | 4976 (55.49%) | 479,283 (60.93%) | |
| Missing | 4765 (0.60%) | 55 (0.61%) | 4710 (0.60%) | |
| Low indoor pollution | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 245,309 (30.83%) | 2123 (23.67%) | 243,186 (30.91%) | |
| No | 503,443 (63.28%) | 6405 (71.42%) | 497,038 (63.18%) | |
| Missing | 46,890 (5.89%) | 440 (4.91%) | 46,450 (5.90%) | |
| Sex of the household head | 0.037 | |||
| Male | 661,632 (83.16%) | 7531 (83.98%) | 654,101 (83.15%) | |
| Female | 134,010 (16.84%) | 1437 (16.02%) | 132,573 (16.85%) | |
| Parental characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age at the survey | <0.001 | |||
| 15–19 | 35,549 (4.47%) | 508 (5.66%) | 35,041 (4.45%) | |
| 20–34 | 610,377 (76.72%) | 6346 (70.76%) | 604,031 (76.78%) | |
| 35–49 | 149,716 (18.82%) | 2114 (23.57%) | 147,602 (18.76%) | |
| Maternal age at marriage | <0.001 | |||
| <18 years old | 302,216 (37.98%) | 3783 (42.18%) | 298,433 (37.94%) | |
| ≥18 years old | 470,597 (59.15%) | 4944 (55.13%) | 465,653 (59.19%) | |
| Missing | 22,829 (2.87%) | 241 (2.69%) | 22,588 (2.87%) | |
| Maternal age at last pregnancy | <0.001 | |||
| 15–19 | 138,977 (17.47%) | 1725 (19.24%) | 137,252 (17.45%) | |
| 20–34 | 578,555 (72.72%) | 5975 (66.63%) | 572,580 (72.78%) | |
| 35–49 | 78,110 (9.82%) | 1268 (14.14%) | 76,842 (9.77%) | |
| Maternal education | <0.001 | |||
| No education | 233,529 (29.35%) | 3195 (35.63%) | 230,334 (29.28%) | |
| Primary education | 185,354 (23.30%) | 2226 (24.82%) | 183,128 (23.28%) | |
| Secondary education | 281,357 (35.36%) | 2651 (29.56%) | 278,706 (35.43%) | |
| Higher education | 77,107 (9.69%) | 640 (7.14%) | 76,467 (9.72%) | |
| Missing | 18,295 (2.30%) | 256 (2.85%) | 18,039 (2.29%) | |
| Paternal education | <0.001 | |||
| No education | 144,502 (18.16%) | 2044 (22.79%) | 142,458 (18.11%) | |
| Primary education | 132,044 (16.60%) | 1668 (18.60%) | 130,376 (16.57%) | |
| Secondary education | 168,496 (21.18%) | 1635 (18.23%) | 166,861 (21.21%) | |
| Higher education | 52,300 (6.57%) | 502 (5.60%) | 51,798 (6.58%) | |
| Missing | 298,300 (37.49%) | 3119 (34.78%) | 295,181 (37.52%) | |
| Maternal smoking | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 687,861 (86.45%) | 7886 (87.93%) | 679,975 (86.44%) | |
| No | 9592 (1.21%) | 96 (1.07%) | 9496 (1.21%) | |
| Missing | 98,189 (12.34%) | 986 (10.99%) | 97,203 (12.36%) | |
| Maternal height | <0.001 | |||
| <145 cm | 42,246 (5.31%) | 679 (7.57%) | 41,567 (5.28%) | |
| 145–149.9 cm | 99,277 (12.48%) | 1119 (12.48%) | 98,158 (12.48%) | |
| 150–159.9 cm | 284,168 (35.72%) | 2918 (32.54%) | 281,250 (35.75%) | |
| ≥160 cm | 111,046 (13.96%) | 948 (10.57%) | 110,098 (14.00%) | |
| Missing | 258,905 (32.54%) | 3304 (36.84%) | 255,601 (32.49%) | |
| Maternal BMI | <0.001 | |||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 70,165 (8.82%) | 696 (7.76%) | 69,469 (8.83%) | |
| 18.5–25 kg/m2 (not include 25 kg/m2) | 321,665 (40.43%) | 3340 (37.24%) | 318,325 (40.46%) | |
| 25 kg/m2 or more | 144,273 (18.13%) | 1619 (18.05%) | 142,654 (18.13%) | |
| Missing | 259,539 (32.62%) | 3313 (36.94%) | 256,226 (32.57%) | |
| Pregnancy history | ||||
| Had a stillbirth prior to the most recent pregnancy | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 6687 (0.84%) | 270 (3.01%) | 6417 (0.82%) | |
| No | 534,721 (67.21%) | 6182 (68.93%) | 528,539 (67.19%) | |
| Missing | 254,234 (31.95%) | 2516 (28.06%) | 251,718 (32.00%) | |
| Had a caesarean section prior to the most recent pregnancy | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 97,302 (12.23%) | 822 (9.17%) | 96,480 (12.26%) | |
| No | 671,772 (84.43%) | 5647 (62.97%) | 666,125 (84.68%) | |
| Missing | 26,568 (3.34%) | 2499 (27.87%) | 24,069 (3.06%) | |
| Interpregnancy interval | <0.001 | |||
| 0–5 | 44,001 (5.53%) | 617 (6.88%) | 43,384 (5.51%) | |
| 6–11 | 46,289 (5.82%) | 565 (6.30%) | 45,724 (5.81%) | |
| 12–17 | 79,947 (10.05%) | 829 (9.24%) | 79,118 (10.06%) | |
| 18–23 | 76,094 (9.56%) | 799 (8.91%) | 75,295 (9.57%) | |
| 24–35 | 122,527 (15.40%) | 1149 (12.81%) | 121,378 (15.43%) | |
| 36–47 | 75,379 (9.47%) | 694 (7.74%) | 74,685 (9.49%) | |
| 48–59 | 45,604 (5.73%) | 436 (4.86%) | 45,168 (5.74%) | |
| 60 or more | 87,931 (11.05%) | 1095 (12.21%) | 86,836 (11.04%) | |
| No previous pregnancy | 217,870 (27.38%) | 2784 (31.04%) | 215,086 (27.34%) | |