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. 2022 Nov 6;12:18832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23287-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Statistical comparison between environments for colony strength traits and Varroa destructor loads. The top plots (a–c) show pairwise Dunn tests with Benjamini–Hochberg correction, with significance expressed as 0 (****), 0.001 (***), 0.01 (**), 0.05 (*), no-significant (ns). The bottom plots (d,e) show pairwise post-hoc Tukey’s test, with different letters indicating statistically significant differences. (a) Hive weight measured in kilograms (Kruskal–Wallis test, χ2(2) = 26.58, p < 0.0001). (b) Estimated pollen cells per apiary (Kruskal–Wallis test, χ2(2) = 24.08, p < 0.0001). (c) Varroa destructor load measured by the Powdered Sugar method (Kruskal–Wallis test, χ2(2) = 4.72, p > 0.05). (d) Bee population measured as the number of bees per colony (ANOVA, F = 13.64, p < 0.0001; pairwise Tukey, for A vs N p < 0.001, for SN vs N p < 0.05). (e) Brood population measured by quantification of brood cells (ANOVA, F = 23.35, p < 0.0001; pairwise Tukey, for A vs SN p < 0.0001, for A vs N p < 0.0001).